Upper Resp. Passageways- Comparative Anatomy + Structure + Functional Characteristics

Question 1

how is resp. epithelium classified

Answer 1

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

Question 2

what passageways are not lined by resp. epithelium

Answer 2

ethmoidal and middle conchae and vomernasal gland

Question 3

how does resp epithelium air condition

Answer 3

1. particulate matter is trapped in mucus sheet (produced by goblet cells + sub mucosal glands)
2. mucus is wafted towards pharynx by cilia –> swallowed or experctorated
3. submucosal serous glands moisten the inhaled air
4. mucosa is highly vascular –> warms incoming hair

Question 4

what are the structures of the respiratory epithelium

Answer 4

Question 5

what are the cells in the olfactory epithelium

Answer 5

1. olfactory receptor cells (green)
2. bowmans gland (purple)
3. supporting cells (red)
4. basal cells (blue)

Question 6

what are the functions of olfactory receptor cells

Answer 6

contian bipolar neurons –> apical pole carries a non-motile cilia with specific odorant binding receptors

unite to form an olfactory nerve which passes through the cribiform plate to terminate in olfactory bulb

Question 7

what is the function of the bowmans gland in olfactory epithelium

Answer 7

secretion solubilizes incoming odorants and washes away excess

Question 8

what is the function of supporting cells in the olfactory epithelium

Answer 8

metabolic and physical support to olfactory cells

Question 9

what is the function of basal cells

Answer 9

stem cells –> can differentiate and replace olfactory receptor cells

Question 10

what are the bony boundaries and palpable landmarks of the bovine

Answer 10

red = bony boundaries

yellow = palpable landmarks

Question 11

what are the conchae in large/small ruminants

Answer 11

dorsal, ventral and ethmoidal conchae (middle very small)

Question 12

what are the features of dorsal and ventral conchae

Answer 12

rostral –> scrolled part

caudal –> closed to form conchal sinus

Question 13

what are these structures

Answer 13

Question 14

how many compartments are in the frontal sinuses

Answer 14

rostral and caudal

Question 15

when does invasion of cornual process occur in large ruminants

Answer 15

@6 months (cornual diverticulum)

Question 16

what is the drainage of frontal sinus like in ruminants

Answer 16

poor

into nasal cavity via ethmoidal meatuses

worse when mucosa inflamed

Question 17

what is the landmark for euthanasia in ruminants

Answer 17

frontal sinuses protect cranial cavity

bullet/captive bolt angle of penetration into brainstem

Question 18

where are the roots of the upper cheek teeth embedded in

Answer 18

ventral floor of maxillary sinus

Question 19

what does maxillary sinus communicate with and how in large ruminants

Answer 19

nasal cavity via nasomaxillary opening

Question 20

where does the maxillary sinus extend to in large ruminants

Answer 20

medially to form the palatine sinus and caudally forms the lacrimal bulla (protrudes into orbit)

Question 21

how is the nasopharynx divided

Answer 21

partial division of nasopharynx by pharyngeal septum

Question 22

where is the pharyngeal tonsil located in ruminants

Answer 22

on caudal edge of pharyngeal septum

Question 23

where are tubal tonsil located in ruminants

Answer 23

close to entrance of each auditory tubes

Question 24

what are the parts listed

Answer 24

Question 25

what is the function of the rostral plate in the pig

Answer 25

strengthening

Question 26

where is the frontal sinus in the pig

Answer 26

entire dorsal surface of skull

Question 27

nasopharynx of pig

Answer 27