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Child Health > Nutrition and Growth > Flashcards

Nutrition and Growth Flashcards

1
Q

What are essential nutrients needed for?

A

Replace losses and to grow new tissue

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2
Q

Why is nutrition important?

A

Energy needed to permit metabolic functions
Maintenance, growth ad development
Develop immunity

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3
Q

What are the phases of child growth?

A 
Infant = nutrient led
Child = growth hormone led
Pubertal = sex steroid led
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4
Q

Are the phases of child growth clear cut?

A

No = they merge gradually over time

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5
Q

What is the lower reference nutrient intake (LRNI)?

A

Nutrient intake sufficient for the 3% of the population with the lowest needs

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6
Q

What is the estimated average requirement (EAR)?

A

Used to calculate energy requirements for population = about 50% of population will need more than EAR and 50% will need less

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7
Q

What is the reference nutrient intake (RNI)?

A

Nutrient intake sufficient for 97% of the population

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8
Q

As a population, is the RNI being met?

A

Yes = the mean protein intake for each age group is above the RNI

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9
Q

What is the RNI for protein?

A

Age 4-6 months = 12.7g/day
Age 7-9 months = 13.7g/day
Age 10-11 months = 14.9g/day
Age 12-18 months = 14.5g/day

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10
Q

How is the energy reference value calculated for children aged 0-12 months?

A

Energy deposited in new tissue + total energy expenditure

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11
Q

What is an energy deposit classed as in a child aged between 1-18 years?

A

1% increase in physical activity level

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12
Q

How is healthy body weight decided in children aged 1-18 years old?

A

EAR calculated at median activity level values

Calculated for less or more active children by the 25th and 75th centile physical activity levels respectively

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13
Q

What is the RNI of vitamin A and what are some dietary sources of it?

A

RNI = 350-400 micrograms/day

Found in cheese, eggs and yogurt

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14
Q

What is the RNI of vitamin C and what is it found in?

A

RNI = 25-30mg/day

Found in oranges, blackcurrants and potatoes

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15
Q

What is the RNI of vitamin D and what are some sources of it?

A

RNI = 7-8.5 micrograms/day

Gained from sunlight and small amounts from oily fish

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16
Q

Is the RNI being met for vitamin D?

A

No = deficiency was reported in all age groups on both breastfed and non-breastfed children

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17
Q

What supplements are recommended in 6 month children consuming less than 500ml/day of formula milk?

A

Vitamins A, C and D

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18
Q

When should breastfeeding babies start taking vitamin D supplements?

A

Should take 8.5-10mg a day by two weeks of age

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19
Q

How much vitamin D supplementation should breastfeeding mothers take?

A

10 micrograms per day

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20
Q

Is the RNI for sodium being met?

A

Yes = it is being exceeded in all age groups apart from children aged from 4-6 months

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21
Q

What is the RNI for sodium?

A

Age 4-6 months = 280mg
Age 7-9 months = 320mg
Age 10-11 months = 350mg
Age 12-18 months = 500mg

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22
Q

How much sodium is contained in 1g of salt?

A

393mg

23
Q

How much sodium is recommended in children aged between 0-12 months overall?

A

Less than 400mg per day (less than 1g)

24
Q

How much sodium is recommended in children aged between 1-3 years old?

A

Less than 800mg per day (less than 2g)

25
Q

What are the revised dietary goals for Scotland?

A

At least 5 fruit and veg a day
I portion of oily fish a week
Total fat accounts for no more than 35% of food energy
Saturated fatty acids no more than 11% of food energy
Free sugars amount to no more than 5% of food energy
At least 25g per day of fibre

26
Q

What nutrition is recommended for the first 6 months of an infant’s life?

A

Exclusive breastfeeding

27
Q

What are some types of infant formula?

A

Modified cows milk, whey or casein based formula

28
Q

What are some negative features of formula milk?

A

Don’t provide antimicrobial or bioactive substances that are present in breastmilk
Change in brand isn’t recommended so have to stick to one kind

29
Q

What kind of formula milk is recommended for the first year of an infant’s life?

A

Whey based formula milk

30
Q

What age group is follow-on milk intended for?

A

For infants aged over 6 months

31
Q

Why is follow-on milk not recommended?

A

Provides no advantage to standard infant formula milk

32
Q

When should the transition from exclusive milk diet to family foods begin?

A

At about 6 months = baby not getting adequate nutrition from breastmilk alone, can start earlier but never before 4 months old

33
Q

What should be the main milk consumed in a baby transitioning to solid foods?

A

Breastmilk

34
Q

What is weaning defined as?

A

Process of introducing foods with an increase in variety of texture, flavour, aroma and appearance

35
Q

Why must the average density of food not be less than 1 kcal/g when a baby is weaning?

A

Low energy foods can limit energy intake = only exception is if meals are going to be offered more frequently

36
Q

When can full fat cows milk be introduced to a baby’s diet?

A

Used in small amounts in cooking from 6-9 months

Gradually introduced as drink from 12 months

37
Q

When can semi-skimmed and skimmed milk be introduced to a child’s diet?

A 
Semi-skimmed = never before 2 years old
Skimmed = never before 5 years old
38
Q

What are some features of the first foods a baby is given?

A

Should be gluten free, salty foods should be avoided, sugar and salt shouldn’t be added, give foods rich in absorbable iron early

39
Q

How should food that may cause allergies be introduced?

A

One at a time

40
Q

When can children start to consume whole nuts and seeds?

A

Once they are five years old

41
Q

How should teeth be cleaned in children?

A

Cleaned gently twice a day as soon as they appear

42
Q

How often should solid foods be eaten in children aged between 6-8 months old?

A

2-3 times daily

43
Q

When should solid foods be increased to 3-4 times a day in children?

A

Between 9-11 months

From age 12-24 months also include nutritious snacks

44
Q

What may impact nutrition in young children?

A

Still depend on carers for food so vulnerable to parenting and to acute illness

45
Q

What starts to develop in school age children?

A

Eating patterns and behaviour patterns (activity)

46
Q

What may impact the nutrition of a school age child?

A

Chronic disease, disordered eating patterns (ie faddism), supply/demand imbalance (obesity)

47
Q

Why do teenagers have increased nutritional demands?

A

Because they have accelerated growth

48
Q

What tends to affect the nutritional status of teenagers?

A

Obesity, eating disorders, early pregnancy

49
Q

What are some agents passed from mother to her child via the breastmilk?

A

Immunological factors, anti-infective agents, growth factors

50
Q

What are the benefits of breast feeding?

A

Reduces diarrhoea and respiratory infections
Lowers risk of atopic disease, obesity and breast cancer
Associated with higher IQ

51
Q

When should children be introduced to beakers/drinking cups?

A

From 6 months old

52
Q

What factors have been associated with an increase in dental caries in children?

A

Amount of free sugars in diet and the frequency of free sugar consumption

53
Q

What are some factors that may cause someone to start a baby on solid food too early?

A

Living in a deprived area
Opinion of infant’s maternal grandmother
Personal disagreement with recommendations
Lack of encouragement from peers to wait
Receiving free samples of manufactured food

54
Q

What are some public health interventions aimed at improving nutrition in children?

A

Healthy start = welfare food scheme
Childsmile = dental programme
Child healthy weight and physical activity programmes
Community food and health programmes

Child Health (27 decks)

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