Cardiology

Question 1

What separates the superior mediastinum from the anterior, posterior, and middle mediastinum?

Answer 1

The line behind the sternal angle

Question 2

What is the other name for the Visceral serous pericardium?

What layer of the heart is the thick muscular layer made up of spiraling, overlapping layers of cardiac muscle?

What layer of the heart is the thin internal endothelial and subendothelial layer lining the inside of the chambers of the heart and valves?

Answer 2

1) Epicardium
2) Myocardium
3) Endocardium

Question 3

What is the other name for the inferior border of the heart?

Answer 3

Right margin

Question 4

Where are the crista / sulcus terminalis found?

What does crista terminalis seperate?

Answer 4

1) Right atrium
2) Rough and smooth wall of RA

Question 5

What embryological structure becomes the ligamentum arteriosum?

Answer 5

Ductus arteriosus

Question 6

What two vessels did the ductus arteriosus gap?

Answer 6

Aorta and the Pulmonary Trunk

Question 7

What nerve can be compressed in an aortic aneurysm at the spot of the ligamentum arteriosum?

Answer 7

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

(Runs under the weak spot in the aorta created by the ligamentum arteriosum)

Question 8

What is the smooth wall of the right atrium called?

Rough wall?

Answer 8

1) Sinus venarum
2) Pectinate muscle

Question 9

What internal feature of the right atrium is the wall between the two atria and contains the remnant of the foramen Ovalis within its borders?

What internal feature of the right atrium is the embryonic remnant of the foramen Ovalis?

Answer 9

1) Interatrial septum
2) Fossa ovalis

Question 10

What differentiates a papillary muscle from trabecula carnae?

Answer 10

The attachment of chordae tendonae to the papillary muscles.

(If something has no chordae tendonae attached to it, don’t label it a papillary muscle!)

Question 11

What is the smooth wall before the pulmonary valve called?

Answer 11

Conus arteriosus

Question 12

What is the other name for the moderator band?

Where is it located?

What does it do?

Answer 12

1) Septomarginal trabeculum
2) Right ventricle
3) Transmits RBB of AV bundle to the anterior papillary m.

Question 13

What do we call the space behind the pulmonary semilunar valve?

Answer 13

Pulmonary Sinus

Question 14

Where is the only place you can find pectinate muscle in the left atrium?

Answer 14

The left auricle

Question 15

What sinus exists behind the outflow vessels?

Answer 15

Transverse pericardial sinus

Question 16

What are the names of the two pericardial sinuses?

Answer 16

Oblique and transverse pericardial sinus.

Question 17

What is the initial consequence of a pericardial effusion?

Answer 17

Cardiac tampenade (Increased pressure on the heart muscle)

Question 18

Where is the needle inserted for pericardiocentesis?

Answer 18

In the paraxiphoid area (just below and to the side of the xiphoid process)

Question 19

The dense collagenous fibers of the heart provides an electrically insulated barrier between?

Answer 19

Atria and ventricles

Question 20

What is a myocardial infarction?

What is angina pectoris?

Answer 20

1) Lack of blood flow to a specific area of the myocardium
2) Pain in chest usually result of a partially occluded coronary artery

Question 21

What external feature of the heart is between the right atrium and right ventricle and what does this transmit?

What external feature of the heart is between the left atrium and left ventricle and what does this transmit?

What external feature of the heart is between the right and left ventricles on the anterior aspect of the heart and what does this transmit?

What external feature of the heart is between the right and left ventricles on the posterior aspect of the heart what does this transmit?

Answer 21

1) Right atrioventricular groove, Right coronary artery
2) Left atrioventricular groov, Coronary sinus

3) Anterior interventricular groove, Anterior interventricular artery along with great cardiac vein
4) Posterior interventricular groove, Posterior interventricular artery along with middle cardiac vein

Question 22

Atrial septal defects typically involves an incomplete closure of the?

Answer 22

Foramen ovale

Question 23

What internal features of the right ventricle is the rough muscular region?

What internal features of the right ventricle is the smooth-walled region?

Answer 23

1) Traveculae Carnae
2) Conus arteriosus

Question 24

Cardiac catheterization is the insertion of a catheter into the?

Answer 24

Femoral vein

Question 25

What is the rough muscular region of the left ventricle called?

What is the smooth walled region of the left ventricle called?

Answer 25

1) Trabeculae carneae
2) Aortic vestibule

Question 26

Ventricular septal defects are due to the embryologically divergent tissues that make up the?

Answer 26

Interventricular septum

Question 27

When dealing with ventricular fibrillation, an electric shock is administered by electrodes to cause?

When dealing with cardiac referred pain, Ischemia stimulates?

Answer 27

1) Defibrillation (ceases all cardiac movements) so that the heart may beat regularly
2) Visceral pain sensory fibers in the heart of the ANS

Question 28

The transverse pericardial sinus allows cardiac surgeons to access?

Answer 28

Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 29

What prevents backflow of blood through the mitral valve into the left atrium during systole?

Answer 29

Chordae Tendineae

Question 30

Where would blood from an active hemorrhage form descending aorta collect?

Answer 30

Posterior mediastinum