The Senses

Question 1

What are the senses essentially?

Answer 1

Sensory organs convert energy they receive into an action potential that is carried to the CNS by the neurons in the PNS where it is interpreted and sent back to the PNS as a message

Question 2

What is the stimuli for the senses?

Answer 2

Forms of energy

Question 3

What are the steps of a sensory pathway?

Answer 3

Sensory reception, sensory transduction, sensory transmission, sensory perception

Question 4

What is sensory reception? What are the inside and outside types of receptors?

Answer 4

1. Detect stimulus
2. Inside- pH (medulla for breathing), body position, blood pressure, etc
3. Outside- temperature, pain, pressure, light, chemical receptors

Question 5

What is sensory transduction/ how does it work?

Answer 5

Chemical binding which cause physical deformation (more pressure=more action potential), causes conversion to a change in membrane potential to create an action potential, also travel on distinguished neurons to determine senses

Question 6

Transmission

Answer 6

Action potential to CNS

Question 7

Perception

Answer 7

CNS makes sense of the message

Question 8

5 different types of receptors

Answer 8

1. Mechanoreceptors- sense physical deformation
2. Chemoreceptors- sense molecules
3. Electromagnetic receptors- sense light
4. Thermoreceptors- sense heat
5. Pain receptors- highest amount in skin but in other organs too

Question 9

What is hearing?

Answer 9

Vibrations in air, sensed by mechanoreceptors on hair cells

Question 10

Auditory canal

Answer 10

Focus vibrations on a point

Question 11

Wax

Answer 11

Protect ear from pathogens

Question 12

Tympanic membrane

Answer 12

Ear drum, vibrates

Question 13

Smallest bones in ear

Answer 13

Malleus, incus, stapes

Question 14

Cochlea

Answer 14

Fluid that maintains positional equilibrium. Hair cells vibrate here and generate action potential from auditory nerve to the brain

Question 15

Eustachian tube

Answer 15

Where fluid could build up and cause inflammation to nose, throat, and ear

Question 16

Volume

Answer 16

Amplitude of sound waves

Question 17

Pitch

Answer 17

Frequency of sound waves

Question 18

How do we smell and taste

Answer 18

In the nasal cavity and on the tongue, we have chemoreceptors. On the tongue they are found on the taste buds. The tongues tastes sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and savory. A chemical binds to a chemoreceptor and cause a change in membrane potential so an action potential is sent to the brain on dedicated neurons to that sense

Question 19

How do we see?

Answer 19

1. Have to have some light to see
2. Light comes in through pupil which regulates how much light is let through
3. Lens bend light into photoreceptors on retina (inside layer of eye)
4. 2 types of photoreceptors receive it: cones and rods. Rods sense light. Cones see colors red, green, and blue.
5. Each contains retinal and opsin, proteins, and rods have rhodopsin as well. These proteins change shape and cause an action potential from the optic nerve to the brain.

Question 20

Color blind

Answer 20

common in guys cause only have to have it on X chromosome but in ladies they have to have it on both X chromosomes

Question 21

Optic nerve

Answer 21

Sends message to brain

Question 22

Optic disk

Answer 22

Blind spot, where optic nerve connects to eye

Question 23

Choroid

Answer 23

Pigmented layer, middle layer between sclera and retina

Question 24

Retina

Answer 24

Inside layer, contains photoreceptors

Question 25

Ciliary muscles

Answer 25

Allows iris to open and close dead ing on the light to focus on something

Question 26

Aqueous humor

Answer 26

Watery fluid between cornea and pupil

Question 27

Cornea

Answer 27

Covering of eye which is covered by the sclera

Question 28

Sclera

Answer 28

Outer layer, very tougg

Question 29

Vitreous humor

Answer 29

Inside of eye, thick

Question 30

Lens

Answer 30

Refract and bend light

Question 31

Iris

Answer 31

Part of choroid, controls how much light enters your eye by opening and closing the the pupil, colored part

Question 32

muscle movement

Answer 32

1. action potential travels from brain along neuron to a motor neuron
2. neurotransmitters (acetylcholine) cross the synapse
3. they bind to ligand-gated channels on muscle causing Na channels to open and generate action potential into the muscle’s plasma membrane
4. travels down to T tubules, causing calcium ions to be release
5. calcium binds to troponin and exposes the binding sites by taking tropomyosin (actual thing that covers binding site) with it
6. myosin binds to binding site, pulling actin together
7. actin contracting means sarcomere contracts then whole muscle fiber contracts and then the whole muscle