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Anatomy and Physiology Honors 2 > Nervous System Test > Flashcards

Nervous System Test Flashcards

1
Q

What two systems does the nervous system contain?

A

The peripheral ns and central ns

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2
Q

What is include in the pns?

A

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, sensory + motor nerves, ganglia

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3
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

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4
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

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5
Q

What term are the sensory nerves considered?

A

afferent

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6
Q

What do the sensory nerves do?

A

carry info to the cns

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7
Q

What term are the motor nerves considered?

A

efferent

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8
Q

What do the motor nerves do?

A

receives from cns

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9
Q

What two groups can motor nerves be put into?

A

somatic and autonomic

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10
Q

What do somatic nerves control?

A

skeletal muscle

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11
Q

What do autonomic nerves control?

A

cardiac muscle and glands

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12
Q

What groups can autonomic nerves be put into?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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13
Q

What is the sympathetic system referred to as?

A

fight or flight

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14
Q

What is the parasympathetic system referred to as?

A

rest and repose

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15
Q

What are the three types of neuron structure?

A

multipolar, unipolar, bipolar

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16
Q

What does an interneuron do?

A

process and send messages

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17
Q

What are the four types of neuroglial cells in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal

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18
Q

What glial cell is found only in the PNS?

A

Schwann Cells

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19
Q

What is the function of a Schwann cell?

A

produce myelin sheath in PNS

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20
Q

What are the 3 functions of a myelin sheath?

A

increase speed of impulse conduction, insulate and maintain axon, aids in nerve regeneration

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21
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

cerebrum

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22
Q

What is the outer layer of the cerebrum?

A

cerebral cortex

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23
Q

Where is the primary motor area located?

A

precentral gyrus

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24
Q

Where is the primary sensory area located?

A

postcentral gyrus

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25
Q

Where is the visual area located?

A

occipital lobe

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26
Q

Where is the auditory area located?

A

temporal lobe

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27
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

frontal lobe, anterior to precentral gyrus

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28
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area?

A

speech

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29
Q

What are some functions of the cerebrum?

A

memory, complex thoughts, reading and understanding ideas, emotion

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30
Q

What is the second largest part of the brain?

A

cerebellum

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31
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

concerned with subconscious movements of skeletal muscle necessary for coordination, maintain posture and balance.

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32
Q

What is the diencephalon composed of?

A

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

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33
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

receives sensory impulses and channel to appropriate part of the cerebral cortex

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34
Q

What do the hypothalamus do?

A

regulates body temp, controls hungry, satiety and thirst

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35
Q

What is the most superior part of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain

36
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

motor movements of eyes and head, also contains auditory reflex to hear sounds better.

37
Q

What is located in the midbrain?

A

the superior colliculus and the inferior colliculus

38
Q

What is the intermediate portion of the brain?

A

pons

39
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

motor and sensory connector to control breathing rythym

40
Q

What is the inferior part of the brain stem?

A

Medulla Oblongata

41
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

motor and sensory connector, regulates heart beat and contractions, regulates breathing, regulates diameter of blood vessels

42
Q

What three centers are located in the medulla oblongata?

A

cardiac center, breathing center, vasomotor center

43
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

ridged surface of the cerebrum

44
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

a shallow groove

45
Q

What is a fissure?

A

a deep groove

46
Q

What is the longitudinal fissure?

A

deep groove that separates cerebrum into cerebral hemispheres

47
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

structure of nerve fibers that connects the hemispheres

48
Q

What are the different lobes?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Insula

49
Q

What are meninges?

A

three membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

50
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

the tough outer layer

51
Q

What is the arachnoid?

A

middle layer

52
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

the delicate inner most layer

53
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70 mV

54
Q

What is the action potential?

A

30 mV

55
Q

What is the first step of continuous nerve conduction?

A

threshold stimulus increases membrane’s permeability to Na+ ions, occurs at stimulation

56
Q

What is the second step of continuous nerve conduction?

A

Electrical potential of the membrane begins to change from negative to positive

57
Q

What is the third step of continuous nerve conduction?

A

depolarization, the shift in electric charge, Na+ comes in

58
Q

What is the fourth step of continuous nerve conduction?

A

membrane potential becomes reversed, inside of membrane becomes positive and outside negative

59
Q

What is the fifth step of continuous nerve conduction?

A

action potential (nerve impulse) is initiated at +30 mV

60
Q

What is the sixth step of continuous nerve conduction?

A

nerve impulse is a wave of negativity that self propagates along the outside surface of the membrane of the neuron

61
Q

What is the seventh step of continuous nerve conduction?

A

when impulse travels from one point to the next, the previous point is repolarized, K- goes out

62
Q

What is the eighth step of continuous nerve conduction?

A

cell return to resting potential, -70 mV

63
Q

What is the final step of continuous nerve conduction?

A

neuron is ready to receive another stimulus

64
Q

What is the space between two neurons called?

A

synapse

65
Q

What are the three protections of the CNS?

A

bone, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid

66
Q

What creates cerebrospinal fluid?

A

choroid plexus

67
Q

What are Basal Ganglia?

A

grey matter in brain

68
Q

Dopamine reduction is a result of what disease?

A

Parkinson’s

69
Q

What happens when the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is damaged?

A

loss of sensory function

70
Q

What happens when the ventral root of a spinal nerve is damaged?

A

loss of motor function

71
Q

What happens when the anterior ramus of a spinal nerve is damaged?

A

loos of both motor and sensory functions

72
Q

Where is regulation of water balance and body temperature at?

A

Hypothalamus

73
Q

What happens when the anterior ramus of a spinal nerve is damaged?

A

loss of both motor and sensory functions

74
Q

What are the six major regions of the brain?

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

75
Q

What are the four anatomical changes that occur to the nervous system as you age?

A

reduction in brain weight/size, decrease in blood flow to brain, changes in synaptic organization of the brain, intracellular + extracellular change in CNS neurons

76
Q

What is the first step in transmission from one neuron to another?

A

Nerve impulse travels along the axon to synaptic knob

77
Q

What is the second step in transmission from one neuron to another?

A

Action potential promotes the entry of calcium ions into the synaptic knob

78
Q

What is the third step in transmission from one neuron to another?

A

secretory vesicles containing neurotransmitter fuse with the presynaptic membrane

79
Q

What is the fourth step in transmission from one neuron to another?

A

Neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic membrane by exocytosis

80
Q

What is the fifth step in transmission from one neuron to another?

A

Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft

81
Q

What is the final step in transmission from one neuron to another?

A

Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

82
Q

What is the function of an astrocyte?

A

secretes chemicals to maintain blood brain barrier

83
Q

What is the function of an oligodendrocyte?

A

creates insulation around axon

84
Q

What is the function of a microglia?

A

engulf cellular waste

85
Q

What is the function of ependymal?

A

line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles

86
Q

What is the most numerous neuroglial cell?

A

astrocyte

87
Q

What is the most rare neuroglial cell?

A

microglia

Anatomy and Physiology Honors 2 (17 decks)

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