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Body Systems > Cardiology (2) > Flashcards

Cardiology (2) Flashcards

1
Q

Stroke Volume Definition

A

Volume of blood ejected from the heart in a cardiac cycle

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2
Q

Cardiac Output Definition

Equation

A

Amount of blood ejected from LV in a minute

CO = HR x SV

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3
Q

Cardiac reserve Equation

A

CO (max) - CO (rest)

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4
Q

Increased HR leads to what for Cardiac reserve

A

Decreased

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5
Q

Adrenaline works on what receptor

A

B1 receptor

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6
Q

If stretching occurs, what happens to myosin + actin filaments

A

More myosin can bind to actin = More contraction

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7
Q

Left shifts in frank starling caused by what (2)

A

Exercise + pharmalogical stimulation

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8
Q

left shifts in frank starling (afterload)

A

Decreased afterload + decreased ESV

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9
Q

Noradrenaline + adrenaline stimulates what

what does this then activate

A

cAMP

More Ca+ entering cell = more contraction

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10
Q

Ejection fraction equation

A

SV / EDV

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11
Q

What does morphine do in Heart Failure (2)

A

Relaxes Pulmonary vessels

Reduces preload + reducing strain on LV

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12
Q

Furosemide acts where

What does it lead to

A

Loop on henle

Reduces preload

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13
Q

Ductus arteriosus is normally closed due to (2)

A

High oxygen tension

Decreased circulating prostaglandins

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14
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus can be treated with

A

Prostaglandin inhibitors

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15
Q

Asymptomatic probe patent foramen ovale is caused by what

A

Pressure in LA greater than RA

Pressure on Septum Primum closes gap

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16
Q

What can cause pressure in RA to be greater than LA

A

pulmonary hypertension

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17
Q

Ostium secundum defect can be caused by what

A

Excessive apoptosis in septum primum

18
Q

What is the most common congenital defect

A

Ventricular septal defect

19
Q

Truncus arteriosus is normally seperated into Aorta + pulmonary trunk via what cells?

A

Neural crest cells from neural tube

20
Q

What septum is present betweenn aorta + pulmonary trunk

A

Conotruncal septum

21
Q

Preductal patent ductus arteriosus clinical symptom

A

Poor perfusion of lower limbs

normal upper body limbs

22
Q

Postductal patent ductus arteriosus clinical symptom

A

body well perfused

23
Q

Postductal patent ductus arteriosus leads to what enlargement

A

Internal thoracic artery + intercoastal arteries

24
Q

Transposition of the great vessels involve what (method)

A

No spiralling of conotruncal swelling

aorta arises from RV

Pulmonary trunk arises from LV

25
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot includes what 4 things

A

PROV

Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Overiding Aorta
Ventricular septal defect

26
Q

Coarctation of aorta involves what

A

Narrowing of aorta near ductus arteriosus

27
Q

Bowditch Effect involves what

A

Increase in HR = Increased contractility

Decrease in HR = Decreased contractility

28
Q

Bainbridge reflex involves what

A

Increased VR

Baroreceptors detect in atria

HR increased to SAN

29
Q

Bainbridge reflex is involved in what pathology

A

Sinus arrhythmia

breathing in can cause increase VR = Increased HR

30
Q

Chronotropy works on what?

A

SAN

31
Q

Inotropy works on what

A

Atria + relaxation

32
Q

Dromotropy works on what

A

AVN

33
Q

Lusitropy works on what

A

Ventricles + relaxation

34
Q

Aldosterone is released from where

A

Kidneys (adrenal Cortex)

35
Q

Vasopressin is released from where

A

Pituitary gland

36
Q

Epinephrine is released from where

A

Adrenal medulla

37
Q

Epinephrine can stimulate release of what?

What does this lead to

A

Renin

HR + SV

38
Q

parasympathetic system doesnt affect what (2)

A

RAAS

ventricular contractility

39
Q

Baroreceptors for the heart are found where (2)

A

Carotid sinusus

Aortic arch

40
Q

Increased arterial pressure leads to what in terms of firing of baroreceptors

What does this lead to in terms of Sympathetic innervation

A

Increased firing of baroreceptors

Decreased sympathetic innervation

41
Q

Angiotensin 2 is released from where? what stimulates its release

A

Adrenal cortex

Renin

Body Systems (9 decks)

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