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Medicine 1 > Anatomy - Broken arm > Flashcards

Anatomy - Broken arm Flashcards

1
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Outer bone

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2
Q

What is trabecular bone?

A

Spongy middle part of a bone

Keeps bone as light as possible

A stage as reinforcement

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3
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

Shaft of the bone

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4
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

Head of the bone

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5
Q

What are the properties of bone?

A
  • Reservoir of calcium and phosphate
  • Composed of cells and ECM
  • Bone marrow supports haematopoieisis
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6
Q

What are the properties of organic/osteoid matrix?

A
  • Produced by osteoblasts
  • Type 1 collagen
  • Tensile and compressive strength
  • Non-collagenous proteins mediated mineral deposition
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7
Q

What are the properties of inorganic matrix?

A
  • Calcium phosphate
  • Deposited in organic matrix
  • 66% of dry weight of bone
  • Hardness
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8
Q

What are 3 disorders related to bone composition?

A
  • Brittle bone disease
  • Osteopetrosis
  • Osteoporosis
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9
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Stem cells forming osteoblasts

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10
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Immature bone cells that secrete organic components of matrix

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11
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells formed from osteoblasts, which maintain matrix

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12
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A
  • Multinucleated macrophages acting as scavengers of unwanted material
  • Remove matrix and rebasorb bone
  • Minerals are dissolved by acids
  • Lysosomal enzymes reabsorb organic matrix
  • Oestrogen reduces activity (linked to menopause)
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13
Q

What causes osteoid mineralisation?

A

Mineral precipitated from matrix of vesicles containing calcium and phosphate

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14
Q

What are the properties of immature osteoid mineralisation?

A
  • Woven bone
  • Haphazard fibre arrangement
  • Mechanically weak
  • Foetal development/fracture repair
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15
Q

What are the properties of nature osteoid mineralisation?

A
  • Lamellar bone
  • Remodelled woven bone
  • Regukar parallel collagen
  • Strong
  • All adult bone
  • Arranged as osteons
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16
Q

What are the main parts of this osteon?

A
17
Q

What are the main parts of this to remember?

A
18
Q

When does bone turnover increase?

A
  • Change in function
  • New demands
  • Repair of fractures
  • Disease
19
Q

What is the relationship between osteoblasts and osteoclasts to remember?

A
20
Q

What are the properties of intramembranous embryo bone development?

A
  • Sheets of mesenchymal cells
  • Differentiation into osteoblasts
  • Trabecular bone formation
  • Remaining mesenchyme makes bone marrow and periosteum
  • Skull, maxilla and mandible bones
21
Q

What are the properties of endochondral embryo bone development?

A
  • Cartilage template
  • Cartilage growth plate remains to allow bone lengthening
  • Long bones and skull base
22
Q

What are the gestational stages of cartilage and bone formation?

A
23
Q

What are the differences between childhood, adolescence and adult bone formation?

A
24
Q

What mesoderm are tje dermatome and myotome from and what do they give rise to?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

Dermatome = connective tissue of dermis

Myotome = limb muscles

25
Q

What arises from the lateral plate mesoderm?

A
  • Bones of upper and lower limbs
  • Blood vessels
  • Connective tissue
26
Q

Where are sensory nerve elements derived from?

A

Neural crest

27
Q

What is the first stage of limb growth?

A

Limb buds appear at 4 weeks

28
Q

What is the second stage of limb growth?

A
  • Most basic structures are established by 8 weeks
  • From week 8 onwards, limb elements just grow in size
29
Q

What planes do patterning, growth and maturation occur on?

A
  • Proximal-distal
  • Anterior-posterior
  • Dorsal-ventral
30
Q

Where is limb outgrowth initiated?

What does it depend on?

What happens if disrupted?

A

Apical ectodermal ridge

FGF signalling from AER

Arrested limb development

31
Q

What does proximal-distal growth also depend on?

What can disruption lead to?

A

HOX genes

Loss of specific limb elements

32
Q
A

Medicine 1 (28 decks)

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