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Medicine 1 > Week 5 - Nerves > Flashcards

Week 5 - Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Where do neurons receive impulses?

A

Dendrites and cell body (perikaryon)

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2
Q

Where do neurons intergrate the information given to them?

A

On their axon hillock

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3
Q

What are the 3 main areas on electron microscope of synaptic junction?

A
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4
Q

What are the properties of motor neurons?

A
  • Large perikarya
  • Nissl bodies (dark spots) in cytoplasm
  • Large nuclei
  • Innervate muscle cells directly
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5
Q

What is the function of the axon hillock?

A

Site of action potential generation

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6
Q

What is Nissl substance?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

What are the ‘rails’ and ‘vehicles’ of neurons?

A

Rails = microtubuli and neurofilaments

Vehicles = kinesin and dynein

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8
Q

What are neurons completely dependent on?

A

Glial cells

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9
Q

What are the proeprties of astrocytes and where are they found?

A
  • Cover all surface of neuron not occupied by synapse or myelin
  • Master supporters of CNS
  • Take up nutrients from capillaries and provide to neurons (forms blood-brain barrier)
  • Form seal on CNS surface

Glial cells

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10
Q

What are the properties of oligodendrocytes and where are they found?

A
  • Make myelin
  • Allow saltatory conduction through myelination of neurons

Glial cells

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11
Q

What are the properties of microglial cells?

A
  • Function in immune system of CNS
  • Use cytokines to attract other defense cells
  • Can phagocytose and act as local APCs
  • Role in maintenance and remodelling of CNS
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12
Q

What are the properties of microglia cell nuclei?

A
  • Elongated
  • Dark
  • No clear lining
  • Sometimes granulated
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13
Q

What are the proeprties of astrocyte nuclei?

A
  • Larger
  • Oval shaped
  • Heterochromatin granules
  • No visible cytoplasm
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14
Q

What are the proeprties of oligodendrocyte nuclei?

A
  • Round
  • Dark
  • Sometimes slightly granulated
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15
Q

What’s the difference between wite and grey matter?

A

White = + nerve connections with + myselinsation

Grey = clusters of neurons

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16
Q

What are clusters of PNS perikarya called?

A

Ganglia

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17
Q

What are clusters of CNS perikarya called?

A

Nuclei

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18
Q

What is an anatomical nerve?

A

Collection of axons/dendrites bundled and ensheathed into fasicles, held together by connective tissue

19
Q

What is the epineurium?

A

Partially dense, collagenous connective tissue

20
Q

What is the perineurium?

A
  • Sheath with flat cells with collagen fibres between them
  • Bund;es axons into fasicles, forming a seal
21
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A

Loose connective tissue between axons/dendrites within fasicles

22
Q

What is the role of satellite cells?

A

Support cells for PNS ganglia

23
Q

What is the intracellular calcium ion concentration at rest?

A

0.1uM

24
Q

What happens to airway smooth muscle when extracellular K+ ion concentration is elevated?

A
  • 4-fold increase in intracellular Ca2+ ion concentration
  • Muscle contraction
25
Q

What is the role of carbachol in airway contraction?

A
  • Is an agonist at G protein-coupled muscarinic receptors
  • Produces airway smooth muscle contraction
  • Lower calcium ion rise
26
Q

What can block voltage-gated potassium channels?

A

TEA and 4-AP

27
Q

What does dorsal and ventral mean?

A

Dorsal = posterior

Ventral = anterior

28
Q

How many vertebrae are there in each section of the spine?

A
  • Cervical = 7
  • Thoracic = 12
  • Lumbar = 5
  • Sacral = 5
  • Coccygeal = 3-5
29
Q

What are the proeprties of a lumbar puncture?

A
  • Locate L4 iliac crest
  • Isert between L4-5
  • Into subarachnoid space
30
Q

What are the ascending pathways of white matter?

A
31
Q

What are the descending pathways of white matter?

A
32
Q

What is the functino of the rubrospinal pathway?

A

Large muscles of limbs

33
Q

What is the function of the corticospinal pathway of white matter?

A

Controls muscles of limbs

34
Q

What is the function of reticulospinal pathway of white matter?

A

Motor coordination, muscle tone, autonomic functions and pain

35
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal pathway of white matter?

A

Posture and balance

36
Q

What is the function of the tectospinal pathway of white matter?

A

Head and eye movement

37
Q

What is a spinal motor neuron?

A

Lower motor neuron

38
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Number of muscle fibres innervated by a single spinal aloha motor neuron

39
Q

What is the function of upper motor neurons?

A

Innervate spinal motor nberons, from brain

40
Q

What is the funciton of alpha spinal motor neurons?

A

Innervate extrafusal muscle fibres responsible for contraction

41
Q

What is the funciton of small gamma spinal motor neurons?

A

Innervate intrafusal muscle fibres in muscle spindles

42
Q

What are the 3 types of reflexes?

A
  • Superficial - blink, sneeze
  • Deep (myotactic) - patellar
  • Visceral (autonomic) - pupillary, bladder
43
Q

What is Babinski’s relfex?

A

Flexor response = toes curl down = normal

Extensor response = toes curl up = damage in adults

Extensor response = normal in babies

Medicine 1 (28 decks)

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