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Psychology > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

What is Reciprocity?

A

Reciprocity is when infants coordinate their actions with their caregivers in a type of conversation almost as if they were taking turns.

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2
Q

What is Interactional synchrony?

A

Interactional synchrony is when an infant and their caregivers actions become synchronised in response to one another.

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3
Q

Name the 4 Stages of attachment as discovered by Schaffer and Emerson?

A

Stage 1 : Indiscriminate attachments
Stage 2 : The beginnings of attachment
Stage 3 : Discriminate attachment
Stage 4 : Multiple attachments

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4
Q

Define Attachment?

A

Attachment is an emotional bond between two people.

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5
Q

Define Caregiver?

A

Person who provides care.

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6
Q

What is Imprinting?

A

Imprinting is an instinctual phenomenon which keeps a newborn animal close to its parent. Animals that Imprint have an innate readiness to do this.

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7
Q

What is Separation anxiety?

A

Separation anxiety is the distress shown by an infant when separated from his/her caregiver.

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8
Q

What is Stranger anxiety?

A

Stranger anxiety is the distress shown by an infant when approached or picked up by someone who is unfamiliar.

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9
Q

What is Cultural variation?

A

Cultural variation is the way that different groups of people vary in terms of their social practices.

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10
Q

What did Bowlby think the result of deprivation during the critical period would be?

A

Bowlby thought subjects would experience:
- Depression
- Affectionless psychopathy
(Mental health problems)

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11
Q

What is Type A attachment?

A

Type A attachment is Insecure avoidant attachment.

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12
Q

What is Type B attachment?

A

Type B attachment is Secure.

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13
Q

What is Type C attachment?

A

Type C attachment is Insecure resistant.

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14
Q

Outline one study of infant caregiver interactions.

A

?

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15
Q

Name the two animal studies of attachment?

A

Lorenz (1935) (geese) and Harlow (1959) (monkeys).

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16
Q

Outline Lorenz’s study of attachment in animals in 1935?

A
  • Lorenz took a clutch of gosling eggs and divided them in to two groups.
  • One group left with natural mother one group were placed in a incubator.
  • Lorenz wanted to see whether the incubator eggs would follow the first thing they saw (him) or their real mother.
  • They followed him.
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17
Q

Outline Harlow’s study of attachment in animals in 1959?

A
  • Harlow created two mother monkeys out of wire. One of these mothers was wrapped in soft cloth whilst the other wasn’t.
  • Eight infant monkeys where studied over a period of 165 days.
  • 4 monkeys had the milk on the soft monkey and the other 4 had theirs on the wire monkey.
  • ALL the monkeys spent the most time on the cloth mother even when they were scared and stayed close for reassurance.
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18
Q

Briefly describe what animal studies have shown about attachment?

A

Animal studies on attachment have shown us that animals will imprint with the first caregiver that they see.

They also showed that animals do not develop an attachment with the person who feeds them but to the person who offers them contact comfort.

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19
Q

What does learning theory propose?

A

Learning theory proposes that all behaviour is learned rather than inborn. It says that when children are born they are blank slates and everything they become can be explained by the experiences they had.

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20
Q

How do behaviourists (Learning Theory) suggest that all behaviour is learnt?

A

Behaviourist suggest that all behaviour is learned through Classical and Operant conditioning.

21
Q

What is Classical conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning is learning through association. A neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that eventually it takes on the properties of this stimulus and therefore is able to produce a conditioned response.

22
Q

What is Operant conditioning?

A

Operant conditioning is learning through reinforcement. (Positive/Negative)

23
Q

What is Social learning theory?

A

Learning through observing others and imitating behaviours that are rewarded. (a further development of learning theory.)

24
Q

What is learning theory?

A

Learning theory is the name given to a group of explanations (classical and operant conditioning), which explain behaviour in terms of learning rather than inborn tendencies.

25
Q

When did Bowlby believe was the critical period in which the child needs to bond with its mother/mother substitute?

A

Bowlby believed that the critical period was up to 2 and a half years old with a potential risk up to 5 years old.

26
Q

Outline Bowlby’s 44 juvenile thieves study.

A
  • Bowlby studied a total of 88 children.
  • 44 of the children were thieves the other 44 were a control group.
  • Bowlby suggested that some of the thieves were affection less psychopaths allowing them to be thieves.
  • 86% of thieves that were affection less experienced separation from their mothers in the critical period.
  • 39% of all thieves had experienced early separations whereas almost none of the control group had.
  • In conclusion the findings suggest that early separations (critical period) are linked to affection less psychopathy.
27
Q

What is Maternal deprivation?

A

Maternal deprivation is the loss of emotional care that is normally provided by the primary caregiver.

28
Q

Describe Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.

A

Bowlby proposed that prolonged emotional deprivation would have long term consequences in terms of emotional development.

29
Q

What are the effects of institutionalisation?

A
  • Physical Underdevelopment
  • intellectual under functioning
  • Disinhibited attachment (will attach to anyone = potentially dangerous)
  • Poor parenting
30
Q

What is institutionalisation?

A

Institutionalisation is the effect of institutional care. Possible effects include social, mental, and physical underdevelopment.

31
Q

Outline Rutter and Sonuga-Barke (2010).

A
  • 165 kids that spent their early lives in Romanian institutions therefore suffered the effects of institutionalisation.
  • 111 were adopted before the age of two years and a further 54 before the age of four.
  • Adoptees were tested at ages 4,6,11 and 15 to asses physical cognitive and social development. Compared to uk adoptees.
  • At the time of adoption the Romanians were smaller than uk adoptees and were considered mentally retarded. By age of 4 they had caught up.
  • This suggests that long term consequences may be less severe than first thought.
32
Q

Describe how a child with the secure attachment type would behave?

A
  • When anxious they seek close contact with their caregiver and are easily calmed.
  • Good relationship with parent
  • Don’t cry when caregiver leaves
33
Q

Describe how a child with a attachment type of insecure-avoidant behaves?

A
  • Avoid social interaction and intimacy with others. – They show little response to separation and do not seek proximity from their caregiver.
34
Q

What is the Continuity hypothesis?

A

The Continuity hypothesis is the idea that emotionally secure infants go on to be emotionally secure adults.

35
Q

What is the Critical period?

A

The critical period is a critical period of time in which certain characteristics can develop, after this window development will not be possible.

36
Q

What is the Internal working model?

A

The internal working model is a mental model of the world that enables individuals to predict and control their environment.

37
Q

What is Monotropy?

A

Monotropy is the idea that the relationship that the infant has with his/her primary attachment figure is of special significance in terms of emotional development.

38
Q

What is a Social releaser?

A

A social behaviour or characteristic that elicits caregiving and leads to attachment.

39
Q

What are children who are insecure avoidant like?

A

Children who are insecure avoidant tend to avoid social interaction and intimacy with others.

40
Q

What are children who are insecure resistant like?

A

Children who are insecure resistant both seek and reject intimacy and social interaction, i.e. resist.

41
Q

What are children with secure attachment like?

A

Children who are securely attached infants are comfortable with social interaction and intimacy.

42
Q

What is the Strange situation procedure?

A

The Strange situation procedure is a controlled observation designed to test attachment security.

43
Q

What is Cultural variations?

A

Cultural variation is the way that different people vary in terms of their social practices.

44
Q

What is Institutionalisation?

A

The effect of institutional care.

45
Q

What were the 4 things that the infant experienced in Ainsworth’s strange situation?

A
  • Separation from caregiver.
  • Reunion with caregiver.
  • Response to stranger.
  • Novel environment.
46
Q

How many countries did the cultural variations meta-analysis take data from?

A

8

47
Q

What did the cultural variations meta-analysis find?

A

Secure was most common in every country.

Insecure avoidant were most next common in every country except Japan and Israel (both collectivist.)

48
Q

Outline hazaan and shaver cuz

A

u kno the rest

Psychology (11 decks)

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