Psychopathology

Question 1

What is Statistical Infrequency?

Answer 1

Statistical Infrequency is a definition of abnormality. According to this definition, a behaviour is seen as abnormal if it is statistically uncommon, or not seen very often in society.

Question 2

What is Cultural relativism?

Answer 2

Cultural relativism is the view that behaviour cannot be judged properly unless it’s viewed in the context of the culture in which it originate.

Question 3

What is Deviation from social norms?

Answer 3

Abnormal behaviour is seen as deviation from unstated rules about how one ought to behave.

Question 4

What is DSM?

Answer 4

DSM is a list of mental disorders that is used to diagnosed mental disorders.

Question 5

What is Deviation from ideal mental health?

Answer 5

• Lack of a positive attitude towards the self

- Lack of resistance to stress and an accurate perception of reality.

Question 6

What is Failure to function adequately?

Answer 6

Failure to function adequately is inability to go about their daily life.

Question 7

What is depression?

Answer 7

Depression is a mood disorder where an individual feels sad and lacks interest in their regular activities.

Question 8

What is OCD?

Answer 8

An anxiety disorder where anxiety arises from obsessions and compulsions.

Question 9

What are Phobias?

Answer 9

Phobias are a group of mental disorders characterised by high levels of anxiety in response to particular stimulus or group of stimuli.

Question 10

What are the Emotional characteristics of Phobias?

Answer 10

• anxiety

- panic

Question 11

What are the Behavioural characteristics of Phobias?

Answer 11

• Avoidance

- Freeze/faint

Question 12

What are the Cognitive characteristics of Phobias?

Answer 12

• Resistance to rational arguments

- Recognition that their phobia is irrational

Question 13

What are the Emotional characteristics of Depression?

Answer 13

• Sadness/Loss of interest in day to day activities

- Anger

Question 14

What are the Behavioural characteristics of Depression?

Answer 14

• Shift in activity level
• Agitated/restlessness
• Change in sleeping pattern

Question 15

What are the Cognitive characteristics of Depression?

Answer 15

• Negative thoughts
• Negative self concept
• Negative view of world

Question 16

What are the Emotional characteristics of OCD?

Answer 16

• Anxiety

- embarrassment/shame

Question 17

What are the Cognitive characteristics of OCD?

Answer 17

• Recurrent Obsessions

- Doubts/impulses

Question 18

What are the Behavioural characteristics of OCD?

Answer 18

• Compulsive behaviours are performed to reduce anxiety

Question 19

What is the two process model?

Answer 19

A theory that explains the two processes that lead to the development of phobias. (Classical and Operant)

Question 20

What is flooding?

Answer 20

A form of behavioural therapy that is used to treat phobias. A client is exposed to an extreme form of the threatening situation under relaxed situations until the anxiety reaction stops.

Question 21

What is Systematic desensitization?

Answer 21

A form of behavioural therapy used to treat phobias and other anxiety disorders. Works by gradually introducing the person to the fear step by step so it’s not overwhelming.

Question 22

What is a Schema?

Answer 22

A cognitive framework that helps organise and interpret information in the brain. A schema helps an individual to make sense of new information.

Question 23

What is the ABC model?

Answer 23

A cognitive approach to understanding mental disorder, focusing on the effect of irrational beliefs on emotions

Question 24

Normal persons abc model vs depressed abc model?

Answer 24

• Activating effect > Rational belief > Healthy emotion

- Activating event > Irrational belief > Unhealthy emotion

Question 25

Draw the Negative triad?

Answer 25

Negative view of self <> Negative view of the future <> Negative view of the world

Question 26

What is the Negative triad?

Answer 26

A cognitive approach to depression viewing it as a cycle.

Question 27

What are the 3 steps of Systematic Desensitisation?

Answer 27

• Counterconditioning (patient is taught to associate phobic stimulus with something else)
• Relaxation (relaxation techniques)
• Desensitisation hierarchy

Question 28

What is Musturbatory thinking?

Answer 28

Thinking that certain ideas or assumptions must be true for an individual to be able to function.

Question 29

Beck said that depressed people had acquired a ________ schema during childhood.

Answer 29

Negative.

Question 30

What is Cognitive behavioural therapy?

Answer 30

Cognitive behavioural therapy is a way of challenging irrational thoughts and changing behaviour in response to these thoughts.

Question 31

What are Irrational thoughts?

Answer 31

Irrational thoughts are thoughts that are unrealistic and illogical.

Question 32

What genes does the biological approach say may cause OCD?

Answer 32

• The COMT gene

- The SERT gene

Question 33

What is Diathesis stress?

Answer 33

Diathesis stress is the idea that someone can have the OCD genes and not have OCD therefore the person has to have the genes and the certain (stressful environment).

Question 34

What is Concordance rate?

Answer 34

Concordance rate is a measure of genetic similarity.

Question 35

What are the different types of drugs used in drug therapy for ocd treatment? (biological approach)

Answer 35

• SSRIs (Prozac)
• Tricyclics (Anafranil)
• Anti anxiety drugs e.g. benzodiazepines (Xanax, Valium)

Question 36

What’s a negative of using drugs to treat OCD?

Answer 36

Side effects. All drugs have side effects, some more severe than others.

Question 37

What is GABA?

Answer 37

A neurotransmitter that regulates excitement in the nervous system. (natural anxiety reducer.)

Question 38

What is Noradrenaline?

Answer 38

Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter found in areas of the brain that are responsible for autonomic nervous system activity.

Question 39

What is Serotonin?

Answer 39

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter implicated in many different behaviours and physiological processes including aggression., eating behaviour, sleep and depression.

Question 40

Draw Multi store model?

Answer 40

“Insert image here”

Question 41

Draw Working memory model?

Answer 41

“Insert image here”

Question 42

EVALUATE Deviation from social norms?

Answer 42

• Social norms are not stable (e.g. homosexuality)
• Deviance is defined by context
• Gender bias (most research done with men)