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Infection > Introduction to microbes > Flashcards

Introduction to microbes Flashcards

1
Q

the microbial world

A

4 major groups

  • Virus’
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi

• Parasites

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2
Q

sizes of micro-organisms

A

smallest

  • prions
  • proteins
  • mycoplasma
  • mitochondria
  • bacteria
  • eukaryotic cells (yeast, protozoa, human cells)
  • Worms

largest

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3
Q

prions are

A

self replicating proteins

  • Some features of microbes
  • No nucleic acid
  • E.g. BSC (mad cow)
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4
Q

mitochondria

A

technically bacteria

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5
Q

endosymbiosis and mitochondria

A

mitochondria are the result of endocytosis of aerobic bacteria

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6
Q

virus’ require

A

a host tissue to replicate

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7
Q

structure of a virus

A

Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) covered into a protein coat and envelop with glycolipids on the surface (recognition).

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8
Q

how can virus’ be classified

A

Baltimore classfication

a virus classification system that groups viruses into families, depending on their type of genome (DNA, RNA, single-stranded (ss), double-stranded (ds), etc..) and their method of replication.

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9
Q

virus’ can have ………. or……….. DNA

A

single stranded or double stranded DNA

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10
Q

Enveloped single stranded DNA

A

parovirus 19 (affects platelets and RBC)

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11
Q

non-enveloped double stranded Virus’

A
  • Adenovirus
  • BK virus
  • Human papilloma virus (cervical cancer)
  • JC virus
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12
Q

enveloped doubled stranded virus’

A
  • Herpes
  • Hep B
  • Molluscum contagiousness
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13
Q

viral RNA can be…

A

single stranded (posiitive or negative strand)

double stranded

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14
Q

positive stranded RNA virus’

A
  • Icosahedral or helical
  • Enveloped
    • HIV
    • Hep C
    • Rubella
    • Encephalitis
    • Yellow fever virus
    • West Nile virus
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15
Q

negative stranded RNA virus’

A
  • Helical
  • Enveloped
    • Ebola
    • Lassa
    • Marburg
    • Measles
    • Mumps
    • Influenza
    • Parainfluenza
    • Respiratory syncytial virus
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16
Q

double stranded RNA virus’

A
  • Icosahedral or helical
  • Enveloped
    • HIV (Double positive-sense strand)
    • Hep C
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17
Q

the tree of life

A

the tree of life is a metaphor which expresses the idea that all life is related by common descent. it is divided into:

  • Eubacteria
  • Eukaryotes
  • Archaebacteria
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18
Q

some bacteria are

A

obligate (replicate intracellularly e.g. mycobacterium tuberculosis)

19
Q

bacteria often carry

A

plasmids

20
Q

plasmids

A
  • Carry virulence factors
  • Antibiotic resistance (can be transferred between diff species)
21
Q

bacterial shapes

A

coccus

bacillus (rod)

spirillus

22
Q

arrangement of cocci

A

clusters- staph

chains- strep

23
Q

Gram staining

A

Is a common technique used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria based on their different cell wall constituents

24
Q

outline gram staining

A

(fans can intimidate dad sadly)

  1. Fixation
  2. crysrtal violet
  3. iodine treatment
  4. decolorisation
  5. counter stain with safranin
25
Q

gram positive

A

purple

26
Q

gram negative

A

pink

27
Q

linnaean taxonomy

A

genus and species

Staphylococcus aureus

28
Q
A
29
Q

mecically important bacteria (big list just read)

A
30
Q

mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis

A
  • virulence factors
  • toxins
31
Q

bacterial virulence factors

A

o Host entry (e.g. polysaccharide capsule)

o Adherence to host cells (e.g. pili and fimbriae)

o Invasiveness (e.g. enzymes such as collagenase)

o Iron sequestration (siderophores)

32
Q
A

o Exotoxins (e.g.diphtheria toxin)

  • secreted

o Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide)

  • on surface recognised by host immune system
33
Q

oxygen tolerance: aerobes

A
  • can survive in the presence of oxygen
34
Q
A
35
Q

obligate aerobes

A

require oxygen for surivival

36
Q

oxygen tolerance: anaerobes

A

can survive in absence of oxygen

37
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

require oxygen-free environment for survival (unless able to form spores)

38
Q

difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes table

A
39
Q

fungi can be divided into

A

yeast and moulds

40
Q

yeasts

A

single-celled organisms e.g.

  • Candida albicans
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Pneumocystis jiroveci
41
Q

moulds

A

multicellular

  • Aspergillosis
  • Dermatophytes (ringworm, athletes foot)
42
Q

parasites can be divided into

A

protozoa and helminths

43
Q

protozoa

A

single-celled

  • Giardia lamblia
  • Trypanosoma cruzi
44
Q

Helminths

A

worms, multi-cellular

  • Roundworms (e.g. enterobius vermicularis)
  • Tapeworms (e.g. taenia saginata)
  • Flukes (e.g. schistosoma mansoni)

Infection (36 decks)

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