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𝓘𝓂𝓂𝓊𝓃𝑜𝓁𝑜𝑔𝓎 > Review of Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Review of Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What does adaptive immunity involve?

A

➝ very specific recognition of an infectious agent (usually a protein)

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2
Q

What does innate immunity involve?

A

➝ no specific antigen recognition

➝ recognition of broadly conserved features of different classes of pathogens

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3
Q

What are the 6 components of innate immunity?

A 
➝ Phagocytosis 
➝ The inflammatory response
➝ cytokines, interferons and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) 
➝ complement
➝ intrinsic defences 'the hostile cell' 
➝ NK cells
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4
Q

What immune feature do all multicellular organisms have in common?

A

➝ means to recognise and phagocytose debris and infected cells

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5
Q

What cells is phagocytosis carried out by in vertebrates?

A

➝ dendritic cells
➝ macrophages
➝ neutrophils

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6
Q

What cells do most of the phagocytosis at the site of infection?

A

➝ neutrophils

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7
Q

What do neutrophils do in chronic inflammation?

A

➝ they do a lot of tissue damage during chronic inflammation

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8
Q

What two things does phagocytosis do?

A

➝ clears pathogens

➝ presents peptides on MHC

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9
Q

What does phagocytosis promote?

A

➝ development or reactivation of the adaptive immune response

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10
Q

How is material destroyed in phagocytosis?

A

➝ in lysosomes

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11
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

➝ in tissues

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12
Q

What can trigger macrophage activation?

A

➝ captured material

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13
Q

What do activated macrophages produce?

A

➝cytokines and chemokines to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses

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14
Q

What do the products of activated macrophages trigger and what does this promote?

A

➝ the inflammatory response and can promote a local antimicrobial state

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15
Q

What is the main purpose of macrophages?

A

➝ clear and recruit other cells to the site of infection

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the inflammatory reponse?

A

➝ localise and eliminate injurious agents and to remove damaged tissue components

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17
Q

What are the 4 things that occur during the inflammatory response?

A

➝ Enhanced permeability of endothelial cells and extravasation
➝ neutrophil recruitment into the cell
➝ enhanced cell adhesion
➝ enhance clotting

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18
Q

What are cytokines and chemokines?

A

➝ Glycoprotein hormones that affect the immune response

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19
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

➝ act to modify the behavior of cells in the immune response

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20
Q

What are most cytokines called?

A

➝ Interleukins

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21
Q

What do chemokines do?

A

➝ act as chemotactic factors
➝ they create concentration gradients which attract or occasionally repel specific cell types to a site of production/infection

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22
Q

What does a macrophage secrete when it is infected?

A

➝ IL-8

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23
Q

What does TNF alpha do?

A

➝ opens the endothelium and triggers an anti-viral response

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24
Q

What 2 cells types is IL-1 produced by?

A

➝macrophages and keratinocytes

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25
Q

What is the effect of IL-1 and IL-6?

A

➝ induces acute-phase protein secretion

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26
Q

What 2 cell types produce IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12?

A

➝ macrophages and dendritic cells

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27
Q

What is the effect of IL-8?

A

➝ chemoattractant for neutrophils

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28
Q

What is the effect of IL-12?

A

➝ Diverts the immune response to type 1

➝ proinflammatory cytokine secretion

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29
Q

What are the 4 ways in which phagocytes know what to phagocytose?

A

➝ detecting phosphatidylserine
➝ scavenger receptors
➝ toll-like receptors
➝ passive sampling

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30
Q

What cells do passive sampling?

A

➝ neutrophils

31
Q

When is phosphatidylserine expressed in cells?

A

➝ when they are undergoing apoptosis

32
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

➝ molecules present only on pathogens and no host cells
➝ invariant structures share by entire class of pathogens
➝ pathogen-associated-molecular-patterns

33
Q

What is a gram negative PAMP?

A

➝ lipopolysaccharide found in the outer membrane

34
Q

What are 3 gram positive PAMPs?

A

➝ teichoic aicd
➝ lipoteichoic acid
➝ peptidoglycan found in the outer membrane

35
Q

What are 3 other PAMPs?

A

➝ bacterial flagellin
➝ abnormal protein glycosylation
➝ abnormal nucleic acids - viruses

36
Q

What are PRRs?

A

➝ pattern recognition receptors

➝ receptors for PAMPs

37
Q

What are PRRs encoded by?

A

➝ germline

38
Q

What are the three classes of PRR?

A

➝ extracellular
➝ intracellular
➝ secreted

39
Q

What do extracellular PRRs recognise and do ?

A

➝ recognise PAMPs outside of a cell and trigger a co-ordinated response to the pathogen

40
Q

What do intracellular PRRs recognise and do?

A

➝ PAMPs inside a cell and act to co-ordinate a response to the pathogen

41
Q

What do secreted PRRs do?

A

➝ tag circulating pathogens for elimination

42
Q

What is the PAMP ligand for lectin receptors and what is the outcome when it is recognised?

A

➝ terminal mannose and fucose

➝ phagocytosis

43
Q

What is the PAMP ligand for scavenger receptors and what is the outcome when it is recognised?

A

➝ Bacterial cell walls and modified low-density lipoproteins

➝ phagocytosis

44
Q

What are the 6 PAMP ligands for toll like receptors?

A 
➝ LPS with CD14 
➝ lipoproteins 
➝ unmethylated CpG 
➝flagellin
➝ dsRNA 
➝ ssRNA
45
Q

What is the outcome when toll like receptors recognise PAMPs?

A

➝ Inflammation and cytokine release :TNF, IL-1, IL-12
➝ enhanced killing : reactive oxygen species, NO
➝ Phagocytosis

46
Q

What are the two PAMP ligands for NOD like receptors?

A

➝ peptidoglycan from gram + and gram -

47
Q

What is the outcome when NOD like receptors recognise PAMPs?

A

➝ inflammation and cytokine release : IL-1, IL-8

48
Q

What are the 2 PAMP ligands for RIG like receptors?

A

➝ DsRNA and 5’ triphospho-RNA

49
Q

What is the outcome when RIG like receptors recognise a PAMP?

A

➝ Type 1 interferon production

➝ apoptosis

50
Q

What is the definition of the complement?

A

➝ heat-sensitive component of serum that can augment the ability of antibodies to inactivate antigens

51
Q

What three things does complement activation lead to?

A

➝ Opsonisation
➝ recruitment of phagocytic cells, vasoactive function
➝ punches holes in target membranes

52
Q

What do complement proteins act like?

A

➝ act as secreted pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

53
Q

In what two ways can complement proteins be activated?

A

➝ a range of PAMPs

➝ ‘altered self’

54
Q

What are the three classical pathways of complement?

A

➝ Classical pathway
➝ Lectin pathway
➝ Lack of host control pathway

55
Q

How does the classical complement pathway work?

A

➝ through antigen-antibody complexes
➝ the triggering protein is C1q
➝ C1q recognises lipopolysaccharides

56
Q

What does the lectin pathway recognise?

A

➝ Recognises abnormal glycosylation

57
Q

What does the lack of host control pathway recognise?

A

➝ anything that is not of host origin

58
Q

What are interferons induced by and what do they offer?

A

➝ induced by viral infection

➝ cross-protection

59
Q

Describe how interferon stops viral proteins being made?

A

➝ a cell is infected by a virus
➝ the virus replicates
➝ the cells apoptose and die and release a lot of virus which attempts to invade the neighbouring cells
➝ during the primary infection interferon is produced and secreted
➝ it binds to the cells that have a receptor for it
➝ it triggers an antiviral state in those cells
➝it turns on antiviral response genes which are not normally expressed
➝ protein kinase R is usually inactive
➝ if a virus gets in and replicated it produces a lot of double stranded RNA which activated protein kinase R
➝ this switches off the ribosomes
➝ the virus cannot produce more proteins

60
Q

How do antimicrobial peptides work?

A

➝ disrupting the cell wall leading to lysis

61
Q

How are antimicrobial peptides induced?

A

➝ bacterial infection

62
Q

What are antimicrobial peptides?

A

➝ secreted short peptides (18-45 amino acids)

63
Q

What are 5 features of the intrinsic defences of the cells?

A 
➝ Apoptosis 
➝ restriction factors/intrinsic immunity 
➝ epigenetic silencing
➝ RNA silencing 
➝ autophagy/xenophagy
64
Q

What % of white blood cells are natural killer cells?

A

➝ 4%

65
Q

What is the function of natural killer cells and how do they do this?

A

➝ they kill tumour cells and virally infected cells

➝ caused by cytotoxic molecules called granzymes and perforins

66
Q

What are the 3 cell types in the innate immune system?

A

➝ macrophages
➝ neutrophils
➝ dendritic cells

67
Q

What are the cell types in the adaptive immune system?

A

➝ lymphocytes

68
Q

Which one of innate and adaptive retains memory?

A

➝ adaptive

69
Q

Which one has higher specificity : innate or adaptive?

A

➝ Adaptive

70
Q

What receptors does the innate immune system use?

A

➝ pattern recognition

71
Q

What receptors does the adaptive immune system use?

A

➝ Ig and TCR

72
Q

What is the recognition strategy of the innate immune system?

A

➝ Small number of microbial ligand that are highly conserved between pathogens
➝ germ line encoded receptors that have evolved by natural selection

73
Q

What is the recognition strategy of the adaptive immune system?

A

➝ Billions of possible antigens

➝ receptors are generated randomly within an individual and they cannot be inherited

74
Q

Which is the faster out of innate and adaptive?

A

➝ innate

𝓘𝓂𝓂𝓊𝓃𝑜𝓁𝑜𝑔𝓎 (14 decks)

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