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Case 2 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Who is more susceptible to UTI’s and why?

A
  • Females: shortened urethra + proximity to anus
  • Increased incidence with age
  • Post-menopausal women: hormone + microflora changes
  • Prostrate issues in men: growth/obstruction of urethra by prostate
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2
Q

Describe the structure of the urinary tract

A

Kindeys -> Ureter -> Bladder -> Urethra

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3
Q

What are the methods of entry for microbes into the urinary tract?

A
  1. Enter renal tract via renal artery - pyelonephritis = bacteria enter blood via renal vein = bacteraemia or sepsis
  2. Incompetence of cyst-ureteric valves = organisms. enter upper UT
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4
Q

What are the presenting symptoms of Cystitis?

A
  • increased urinary urgency and frequency
  • dysuria = painful urination
  • lower abd pain
  • WBC’s + bacteria in urine
  • raised temp
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5
Q

What are the presenting symptoms of Pyelonephritis?

A
  • same as cystitis
  • flank pain
  • high fever
  • malaise
  • confusion/restlessness
  • nausea
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6
Q

How are UTI’s diagnosed?

A
  • urinalysis
  • urine culture
  • sensitivity testing
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7
Q

What bacteria most commonly causes UTI’s?

A

E.coli = gram -ve

UPEC = uropathogenic E.coli

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8
Q

How are UTI’s treated?

A
  • uncomplicated = empirical treatment (look at local guidance + resistance patterns)
  • recurrent/complicated = culture + assess sensitivity to guide treatment
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9
Q

How does UPEC cause UTI’s?

A
  • transferred from gut to flora
  • express pili = attachment + microbe can ascend UT
  • invade + destroy bladder cells to obtain/release nutrients
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10
Q

What are obligate pathogens? Give an example.

A

= organisms not part of normal microflora

e.g. STI’s

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11
Q

Describe some virulence factors

A
  • Adhesion - pili
  • Invasion - haemolysin
  • Motility - flagella
  • Biofilm formation
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12
Q

What organism causes Chlamydia?

A
  • Chalmydia trachomatis
  • Gram -ve
  • Non-motile
  • More common in females
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13
Q

Describe the life cycle of Chlamydia within epithelial cells

A
  • Elementary bodies attach to enter cell
  • Phagosome fusion
  • Converts to reticulate body = reproductive form
  • Multiplication
  • Mature to elementary bodies = released
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14
Q

What are the symptoms of Chlamydia?

A
  • Can be asymptomatic
  • Males: urethritis, proctitis, epididymitis
  • Females: urethritis, cervicitis
  • New-born: conjunctivitis, pneumonia
  • Key cause of PID
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15
Q

What organism causes Gonorrhoea?

A
  • Gram -ve
  • Diplococci bacteria
  • Capsulated
  • More common in men
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16
Q

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea in males?

A
  • burning sensation when urinating
  • white/yellow/green discharge
  • painful/swollen testicles
17
Q

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea in females?

A
  • painful/burning sensation when urinating
  • increased vaginal discharge
  • vaginal bleeding between periods
18
Q

What are the complications of Gonorrhoea?

A
  • Men: prostate infection
  • Women: PID, infertility
  • Neonates: conjunctivitis
19
Q

What organism causes Syphilis?

A
  • Treponema Pallidum
  • Difficult to stain + culture (gram -ve)
  • Highly motile + invasive
20
Q

Describe the presentation of primary Syphilis

A

3 weeks post infection:

  • sores
  • may be painless
21
Q

Describe the presentation of secondary Syphilis

A

Within 3 months of infection:

  • non-itchy skin rashes/sores on mucous membranes
  • fever
  • swollen lymph glands
  • sore throat
  • patchy hair loss
  • headaches
  • weight loss
  • muscle aches + fatigue
22
Q

Describe the presentation of latent Syphilis

A

Rare, can take 10-30 yrs to develop:

  • difficulty coordinating muscle movements
  • paralysis
  • numbness
  • blindness
  • dementia
  • damage to internal organs…death
23
Q

What organism causes Trichomoniasis?

A
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
  • Protozoan parasite
  • Flagellates + highly motile
  • Replicates by binary fission
  • Females: in lower genital tract
  • Males: in urethra + prostate
24
Q

What are the symptoms of Trichomoniasis?

A
  • Often asymptomatic
  • Sig. increase in risk of HIV

Males:

  • itching/irritation inside penis
  • burning after urination/ejaculation
  • discharge

Females:

  • itching, burning, redness or soreness of genitals
  • discomfort from urination
  • discharge with fishy smell - can be clear, white, frothy, yellowish or greenish
  • strawberry cervix
25
Q

What organism causes HPV?

A
  • aka Genital warts
  • Human Papilloma Virus
  • Non-enveloped
  • dsDNA virus
  • 90% cases of warts = Type 6 & 11
  • 70% cases cervical cancer = Type 16 & 18
  • Vaccine available
26
Q

What organism causes HSV?

A
  • aka Genital herpes
  • Herpes Simplex Virus
  • Enveloped dsDNA
27
Q

What is the presentation of HSV?

A
  • Genital rash

- Persistence - recurrent disease outbreaks

28
Q

What is HIV?

A
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus
  • Lentivirus/retrovirus
  • ssRNA
  • Can develop into AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency deficiency syndrome

Case 2 (7 decks)

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