Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gastrointestinal > Investigations > Flashcards

Investigations Flashcards

1
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A

Hydrogen Breath Test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Macrocytic Anaemia

A

Schilling’s Test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Small Bowel bacterial Overgrowth

A

Glycocholic Breath Test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Primary Colorectal Cancer

A

Screening: Faecal Occult Blood Test

Diagnosis: Colonoscopy, CT colonography, barium enema, sigmoidoscopy

Staging: CT for liver and lungs. MRI for rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Any focal liver lesion

A

US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hepatic Adenoma

A

Ultrasound : Filling defect

CT: diffuse arterial enhancement

MRI: hyper/hypo-intense lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

A

Screening: Alfa-feto protein (tumour marker) -50% of pts.

First Line Investigation: Bloods (FBC, LFT’s, PT,AFP)
Ultrasound

Diagnostic Investigation: 4-phase/ tri-phase CT or MRI or biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ruptured AAA

A

Contrast CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Biliary Colic

A

US then MRCP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Acute Cholecystitis

A

WCC (raised)

Ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Chronic Cholecystitis

A

US (non-distended gall bladder with thickened walls)

MRCP (to locate exact location of gallstones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gall stone Ileus

A

AXR (shows air in CBD, SI fluid levels and stone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cholangiocarcinoma

A

Duplex US

MRI/ MRCP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chronic Pancreatitis

A

1st Line: Ultrasound, blood glucose, AXR, CT
(Show pancreatic calcifications, focal or diffuse enlargement of the pancreas, ductal dilation, and/or vascular complications)

Other: bloods- FBC, clotting, U & Es, LFTs, amylase, CRP

IgG4 positive in autoimmune pancreatitis

Faecal Elastase low due to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pancreatic Cancer

A

1st line: Abdominal US + LFTs

Diagnostic Imaging: CT scan

Bloods will show cholestatic picture

ERCP shows ampullary tumours/ tumours of pancreatic duct

ENDOSCOPIC US: Highly accurate due to ability to take biopsies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Acute Pancreatitis

A

Elevated Serum Lipase
Elevated serum amylase (levels start to fall after 12-48 hours so may be normal)
ABGs

Imaging;
1st Line: US (check for biliary causes)
AXR (sentinel loop)
Erect CXR (exclusion of causes such as perforation)

Gold standard for assessment of severity- CT

ERCP if LFTs worsen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Coeliac Disease

A

Serology (requires gluten to have been consumed)
- Tissue Transglutaminase

Duodenal Biopsy on Endoscopy
(subtotal villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia and raised intra-ep WBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Giardiasis

A

Stool microscopy (for ova/ parasites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

C. diff

A
  1. GDH screening test

2. If GDH +ve, test for toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Peri-anal Disease in Crohn’s

A

MRI + examination under anaesthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

H. pylori

A

Urease breath test - C14
Faecal Antigen Test
Serology for IgA antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sigmoid Volvulus

A

AXR - coffee bean shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Investigation of Malaena

A
  1. Upper GI endoscopy

2. CT angiogram of RHS of colon if gastroscopy -ve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Colonic Angiodysplasia

A

Angiography

Colonoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

IBS

A 
FBC 
CRP 
Antibody test for coeliac disease 
Lower GI test if >50 or fHx of colorectal cancer  
- colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy 
Plain AXR
26
Q

Alcoholic Liver Disease

A 
LFTs 
-- prothrombin most important
-- albumin low 
Liver Biopsy
CT/ US/ MRI 
Endoscopy to look for varices

Mallory’s Hyaline Bodies

27
Q

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

A 
Raised AMA 
ALP and AST raised 
Biopsy for staging 
-- granuloma around inflamed bile ducts 
-- loss of bile ducts as macrophages 'eat away'
28
Q

Autoimmune Hepatitis

A

Presence of ASMA

LKM auto-antibodies

29
Q

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

A

Raised gamma-GT and and ALP
MRCP may show strictures and dilations, periductal fibrosis
– onion skinning and tomb stone lesions

30
Q

Haemochromatosis

A

Serum Transferrin Saturation

Serum Ferritin

31
Q

Wilsons Disease

A

1st Line: LFTs

High levels of copper in liver, free in blood, in urine

Low levels or ceruloplasmin

32
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

1st Line
Clinical Examination: Wt loss, RIF mass, peri-anal signs

Colonoscopy will show cobblestoning (patchy segmental disease anywhere in GI tract)

    • Granuloma formation
    • deep knife- like fissuring ulcers
    • crypt branching
    • transmural inflammation
33
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

Plain AXR

    • No faecal shadows
    • thumb- printing (mucosal oedema)

Colonoscopy + Biopsy

    • Confluent inflammation extending proximally from rectum
    • Mucosal Ulcers, loss of vessel pattern
    • Inflammatory infiltrate and contact bleeding
    • Loss of goblet cells and enlargement of crypts
    • Inflammation confined to mucosa & submucosa
34
Q

Oral Carcinoma

A

Biopsy
– Invasion of local tissues
(may be well differentiated or poorly differentiated)

35
Q

GORD

A

PPI trial
Endoscopy
Ambulatory pH monitoring
Oesophageal Manometry

36
Q

Oesophagitis

A

Gastroscopy - test of acidity
Endoscopy then biopsy
– basal zone epithelial expansion
– neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophil

37
Q

Barrett’s Oesophagus

A

Endoscopy
– red velvet appearance
Biopsy at endoscopy

38
Q

Allergic Oesophagitis

A

Biopsy pH - negative for reflex

39
Q

Oesophageal tumour

A

endoscopy + biopsy

barium swallow

40
Q

Gastritis

A

H. pylori - urea breath / faecal antigen test

Upper GI endoscopy + biopsy
Parietal Cell + Intrinsic Factor Antibodies

41
Q

Small Bowel Obstruction

A 
Abdominal X-ray 
FBC 
Urinalysis 
Electrolyte Panel 
Contrast CT abdomen
42
Q

Large Bowel Obstruction

A 
FBC 
Serum Electrolytes/ Amylase/ Lipase 
Renal Function 
Coagulation Stidues 
Erect chest x-ray
Plain Abdominal X-ray

Tests to consider: contrast enema/ CT abdo + pelvis,/ sigmoidoscopy/ biopsy

43
Q

Small Bowel Ischaemia

A

FBC
Chemistry Panel including serum lactate
Coagulation Panel
Arterial Blood Gas

Mesenteric Angiography
Erect CXR to look for evidence of perforation
CT scan with IV contrast

44
Q

Meckel’s Diverticulum

A

Meckel’s Scan

45
Q

Tumours of the Small Bowel

A

Endoscopy, colonoscopy (biopsy)
Barium X-ray
MRI

46
Q

Appendicitis

A 
Abdominal Ultrasound 
Pregnancy Test
FBC 
MRI 
Abdominal and Pelvic CT
47
Q

Alpha1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

A

plasma A1AT level
Pulmonary function test
CXR
Chest CT

48
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Abdominal Ultrasound

FBC
Serum LFTs, amylase and lipase

MRCP/ ERCP

49
Q

Diverticular Disease

A

AXR
CT scan of abdomen
FBC

Colonoscopy / Contrast Enema

50
Q

Large Bowel Ischaemia

A

Biopsy

    • Withering of crypts
    • pink smudgy lamina proprietary
    • fewer chronic inflammatory cells
51
Q

Pseudomembranous Colitis

A

Colonoscopy

    • patchy yellow membranous exudate on mucosal surface
    • explosive lesions on mucosa

FBC (often very high WCC)

Stool samples for C. diff toxin testing

Sigmoidoscopy

52
Q

Lymphocytic Colitis

A

Biopsy

    • lots of intraepithelial lymphocytes
    • NO chronic architectural changes in crypts
    • NO thickening of basal lamina

Typical Presentation (Female >50 watery diarrhoea)

53
Q

Radiation Colitis

A

Hx of radiotherapy for cervical or breast cancer

54
Q

Colonic Polyps

A

Colonoscopy
Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
Double contrast barium enema
CT colonography

55
Q

Achalasia

A

Upper GI endoscopy
Barium Swallow
Oesophageal Manometry

56
Q

CVID

Common variable immunodeficiency

A

Measure immunoglobulin levels
– LOW IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE
(Failure to produce Ig secreting cells)

57
Q

Agammaglobulinaemia

A

Measure immunoglobulin levels

– none present

58
Q

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

SCID

A

Low/ absent T cells

Normal/ Increased B cells (immature as require T cells for maturation)

59
Q

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

A

NBT test

60
Q

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency

A

FBC

– High neutrophil count (neutrophils pulled from bone marrow but can’t reach required tissue)

Gastrointestinal (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions