Administration of India up to 1914

Question 1

What was the structure of India’s government post 1858?

Answer 1

Viceroy/ Governor General in India
Secretary of State for India in Westminster
Council of India (15 non Indian men who had lived in India)

Question 2

How many Princely states were ruled by princes?

Answer 2

562

Question 3

How did the Princely States work?

Answer 3

In theory, princes had complete authority over their land
Treaties meant each state was under “British protection”
Princes are puppet rulers

Question 4

How was the Indian Civil Service flawed?

Answer 4

The exam took place in Britain (until 1919) and very little education in India

Question 5

How many Indians in the ICS by 1887?

Answer 5

12

Question 6

What percentage of the ICS was Indian by 1913?

Answer 6

5%

Question 7

What did the British create in India through investment?

Answer 7

A middle class

Question 8

Give some examples of how Indians benefitted from British rule after 1858

Answer 8

Health and public services improved, increasing life expectancy
Growth in agriculture and industry created employment
Irrigation programme helped farming
Investment in infrastructure, particularly railways
Religious freedom

Question 9

Give some examples of how Indians did not benefit from British rule after 1858

Answer 9

Growth of cash crops created famine and food shortages
Few Indians could vote or were involved in councils/government
Little investment as 40% of British spending in India was on the army
Exploited: unfair prices for crops
Class divisions emphasised

Question 10

What underpinned British control in India in the 19th century?

Answer 10

Naval supremacy
Communications, technology, telegrams
Railways

Question 11

How did the ICS help underpin British control over India?

Answer 11

Top government moved from Calcutta to Simla leaving the ICS in charge

Question 12

How did the education system developed by the British help underpin their control?

Answer 12

200,000 Indians in English speaking schools by 1870

British hoped to create a loyal, pro-British elite

Question 13

How did the ICS and introduction of education contribute to growing nationalism?

Answer 13

Elite became politically aware and their nationalist ideas grew and were spread

Question 14

When was the Ilbert Bill issued and under which Viceroy?

Answer 14

1883

Lord Ripon

Question 15

What did the Ilbert Bill do?

Answer 15

It said that Indian judges could try an accused European

Question 16

What was the “White Mutiny”?

Answer 16

British response to the Ilbert Bill
Opposition in Britain played on racial tensions
Propaganda circulated that Indian judges couldn’t be trusted

Question 17

What was the outcome of the White Mutiny?

Answer 17

The Ilbert Bill was changed to a European defendant had the right to be trialled by an at least half European jury

Question 18

When, where and by whom was the Indian National Congress founded?

Answer 18

28th December 1885
Bombay
(British) A O Hume

Question 19

What were the original aims of the INC?

Answer 19

Promote fusion of everyone in the subcontinent into one nation
Help consolidate union between England and India by calling for reforms against certain things

Question 20

What was the INC’s main method?

Answer 20

Social regeneration and conscious raising

Question 21

When was the second Indian Councils’ Act passed and what did it do?

Answer 21

1892

It modestly increased the number of Indians on Provincial Legislative Courts

Question 22

Which religion initially dominated the INC?

Answer 22

Hindus

Question 23

When was the fist Indian Councils’ Act pass and what did it do?

Answer 23

1861

Legislative Council now included Indian advisors but appointed by the Viceroy

Question 24

When were Ripon reforms passed and what did they do?

Answer 24

1883

Local councils, of Indian majority, were given extra powers to raise money for local workers

Question 25

By 1900, what were the British main concerns over their claim to India?

Answer 25

Russian Empire expanding through central Asia; India particularly vulnerable to Afghanistan
Mediterranean route to India under threat by Ottoman Empire

Question 26

Outline the Partition of Bengal

Answer 26

In effect 16th October 1905
No formal consultation with Indians or Bengals
Plan approved by Secretary of State

Question 27

What city laid in Western Bengal and who made up its population?

Answer 27

Calcutta
42 million Hindus
9 million Muslims

Question 28

What city laid in Eastern Bengal and who made up its population?

Answer 28

Dacca
12 million Hindus
18 million Muslims

Question 29

Who enacted the partition of Bengal?

Answer 29

Lord Curzon

Question 30

What are some causes for the partition?

Answer 30

Bengal had been a problem for a long time
78 million people
Vulnerable to famine
Prone to unrest
Divide and rule: divisions between Hindus and Muslims

Question 31

What percentage was the Indian population Hindu:Muslim?

Answer 31

70% to 24%

Question 32

When and where did Muslims create the Muslim League?

Answer 32

December 1906

Dacca

Question 33

When were Muslims forced out of Congress?

Answer 33

After 1905

Question 34

Outline the split of the INC

Answer 34

1907
Moderates lead by Gokhali
Radicals/agressive nationalists lead by Tilak

Question 35

When and what was the Lucknow Pact?

Answer 35

October 1916
Between INC and Muslim League
Muslim League leaders agreed to join the Congress movement demanding Indian autonomy

Question 36

What did the Indian Councils Act of 1909 grant?

Answer 36

Allowed Indians to sit on the Imperial Legislative Council
Council grew from 16 to 60 additional Indian members
Elective element in provincial councils
Separate communal representation for Muslims in provincial councils

Question 37

What were the Morely-Minto Reforms?

Answer 37

Announced 1909 to increase Indian participation in governing India
For the first time, an Indian was appointed to the Viceroy’s executive council and two to the Secretary of State’s Indian Council in London
Aimed to give Indians opportunities to be listened to but not necessarily acted upon

Question 38

Who was John Morely?

Answer 38

Secretary of State for India 1905-1911

Question 39

Who was Gilbert. Eliot, Fourth Earl of Minto?

Answer 39

Viceroy of India 1905-1910

Question 40

Who was Lord Hardinge?

Answer 40

Viceroy of India 1910-1916

Question 41

What did Lord Hardinge do for India?

Answer 41

Reunified Bengal in 1911
In favour of political reform
Moved capital from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911

Question 42

When did the Second Anglo-Afghan war begin?

Answer 42

November 1878 declared by Disraeli

Question 43

When was the invasion of Tibet?

Answer 43

1903-1904