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Y1 Respiratory > Anatomy of Breathing > Flashcards

Anatomy of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

what is the respiratory tree?

A

a set of tubes that connect the nose and mouth with the alveoli

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2
Q

what covers the walls of the alveoli?

A

capillaries

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3
Q

where does the upper respiratory tract end?

A

larynx

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4
Q

where does the lower respiratory tract begin?

A

trachea

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5
Q

where does the URT become the LRT?

A

at the level of C6

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6
Q

what happens to the larynx at the level of C6?

A

it becomes the trachea

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7
Q

what happens to the pharynx at the level of C6?

A

it becomes the oesophagus

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8
Q

what is each area of lung supplied by a lobar bronchus called?

A

a lung lobe

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9
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

three

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10
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have?

A

two

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11
Q

what is a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

the area of lung supplied by one segmental bronchus

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12
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments does each lung have?

A

10

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13
Q

what separates the lung lobes?

A

fissures

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14
Q

what lines the inside of the bronchial tree?

A

respiratory epithelium

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15
Q

which two parts of the bronchial tree have a different lining to the rest?

A

distal bronchioles

alveoli

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16
Q

what two unique features are found on respiratory epithelium?

A

mucous glands

cilia

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17
Q

describe the mucociliary escalator

A

mucous traps pathogens, and is then sweeped up and out by the cilia

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18
Q

what can interfere with the normal beating of the cilia?

A

cooling and drying of the mucosa

toxins in cigarette smoke

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19
Q

what supports the walls of the trachea and bronchi?

A

hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

what parts of the respiratory tree contain NO cartilage?

A

alveoli

distal bronchioles

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21
Q

what is the most prominent feature in the walls of the bronchioles, and what does this allow?

A

smooth muscle

allows them to contract and dilate

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22
Q

what is wheeze?

A

the sound air makes as it passes through constricted airways

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23
Q

how many nasal cavities are there?

A

two

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24
Q

what separates the nasal cavities?

A

the nasal septum

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25
Q

what makes up the nasal septum?

A 
posterior = ethmoid bone and vomer 
anterior = cartilage
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26
Q

what forms the floor of the nasal cavities?

A

the palate

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27
Q

what is the trachea the continuation of?

A

the larynx

28
Q

what is the narrowest part of the larynx?

A

the rima glottidis

29
Q

what are the two functions of the vocal ligaments?

A

airway protection

voice production

30
Q

what is phonation?

A

producing sound

31
Q

what is articulation?

A

producing speech

32
Q

what exists to increase the surface area of the nasal cavities?

A

three conchae

they produce turbulent air flow to heat the air up and

33
Q

what are the three parts of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

34
Q

how many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

35
Q

which ribs are true ribs?

A

1-7

36
Q

which ribs are false ribs?

A

8-10

37
Q

which ribs are floating ribs?

A

11 and 12

38
Q

where is the sternal angle located?

A

at the level of rib two

39
Q

what type of joint is a sternocostal joint?

A

synovial

40
Q

what are the three layers of muscles between the ribs?

A

external intercostal
internal intercostal
innermost intercostal

41
Q

where does the larynx become the trachea and the pharynx become the oesophagus?

A

at the level of C6

42
Q

where can the trachea be palpated?

A

in the jugular notch of the manubrium

43
Q

where is the isthmus of the thyroid gland located?

A

anterior to tracheal cartilages 2-4

44
Q

what are the two parts of the thorax?

A

chest walls

chest cavity

45
Q

what is a lung lobe?

A

the area of the lung that each of the lobar bronchi supply with air

46
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

three = upper, middle and lower

47
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have?

A

two = upper and lower

48
Q

what separates the lung lobes?

A

fissures

49
Q

what is a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

an area of a lobe that each segmental bonchi supplies with air

50
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments are present in each lung?

A

10

51
Q

what fissures are present in the lungs?

A

right lung = horizontal and oblique

left = oblique

52
Q

what are the three layers of muscles in the intercostal spaces?

A

external intercostals
internal intercostals
innermost intercostals

53
Q

what do the intercostal muscles do during breathing?

A

make the chest wall expand by pulling ribs up and out

54
Q

how many intercostal spaces are there?

A

11 pairs

55
Q

what makes up the nerve supply to the intercostal spaces?

A

anterior ramus of a spinal nerve = the intercostal nerve

56
Q

what makes up the arterial supply to the posterior intercostal spaces?

A

thoracic aorta

57
Q

what makes up the venous supply to the posterior intercostal spaces?

A

azygous vein

58
Q

what makes up the arterial supply to the anterior intercostal spaces?

A

internal thoracic artery

59
Q

what makes up the venous supply to the anterior intercostal spaces?

A

internal thoracic vein

60
Q

what nerve supplies the diaphragm?

A

the phrenic nerve

61
Q

what is the phrenic nerve made of?

A

C3-5 anterior rami

62
Q

where are the phrenic nerves found in the neck?

A

anterior surface of scalenus anterior

63
Q

where does the cephalic vein sit?

A

in the delto pectoral groove

64
Q

where is the apex auscultated?

A

superior to the medial third of the clavicle

65
Q

where is the middle lobe auscultated?

A

between ribs 4-6 in the midclavicular and midaxillary lines

66
Q

where is the base of auscultated?

A

scapular line at the T11 vertebral level

Y1 Respiratory (24 decks)

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