9/28 Questions

Question 1

What is failure of synostosis between S1 and S2?

Answer 1

the segments do not completely fuse together

Question 2

What is squaring of the vertebral body of S1?

Answer 2

the S1 vertebral body has similar anterior and posterior heights, hence a lack of wedging

Question 3

What is flaring of the sacral ala?

Answer 3

the transverse process of the ala appears to elevate as though separating from the rest of the sacral ala

Question 4

What is characteristic of sacralization of L5?

Answer 4

L5 may be partially or completely fused to the sacrum

Question 5

What is the incidence of sacralization of L5 in the population?

Answer 5

41% to 85%

Question 6

Which segment demonstrates the greatest morphological variation along the spine?

Answer 6

L5

Question 7

What articular facet changes accompany sacralization of L5?

Answer 7

none

Question 8

What is the incidence of variation within the sacrococcygeal region in the population?

Answer 8

up to 14%

Question 9

What is characteristic of sacralization of Co1?

Answer 9

the premature fusion of Co1 to the sacrum

Question 10

What is characteristic of coccygealization of S5?

Answer 10

the separation of S5 from sacrum and its’ premature fusion to Co1

Question 11

The trapezius is innervated by what nerve?

Answer 11

the spinal accessory nerve

Question 12

What forms the spinal accessory nerve innervating the trapezius?

Answer 12

C1-C5 cord levels contribute to the spinal root of the spinal accessory nerve

Question 13

The latissimus dorsi is innervated by what nerve?

Answer 13

the thoracodorsal nerve

Question 14

What forms the thoracodorsal nerve innervating the latissimus dorsi?

Answer 14

ventral rami from C6-C8

Question 15

Which of the muscles of the true back are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve?

Answer 15

levator scapulae
rhomboid major
rhomboid minor

Question 16

What forms the dorsal scapular nerve?

Answer 16

the ventral ramus of C5

Question 17

What is the innervation of the splenius capitis?

Answer 17

dorsal rami of middle cervical spinal nerves (C3-C5 cord levels)

Question 18

Splenius cervicis will attach to what location on the spine?

Answer 18

lateral mass of C1 and posterior tubercle of transverse process on C1-C4

Question 19

What is the innervation of the splenius cervicis?

Answer 19

dorsal rami of lower cervical spinal nerves (C5-C7 cord levels)

Question 20

Which muscles are identified as erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles?

Answer 20

iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis

Question 21

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis lumborum?

Answer 21

dorsal rami of lower thoracic and all lumbar spinal nerves

Question 22

What is the insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis?

Answer 22

costal angles of the upper 6-7 ribs, transverse process of C7

Question 23

What is the origin for the iliocostalis cervicis?

Answer 23

costal angles of the upper 3-6 ribs (ribs 1-3 or ribs 1-6)

Question 24

What is the insertion for the iliocostalis cervicis?

Answer 24

posterior tubercle of transverse process of C(3) C4-C6

Question 25

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis cervicis?

Answer 25

dorsal rami of T1, T2 spinal nerves, sometimes C8 spinal nerve (C8, T1, T2 cord levels)

Question 26

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis?

Answer 26

accessory process and transverse processes of L1-L5, spinous processes of L3-L5 and median sacral crest S1-S3

Question 27

What is the innervation of the longissimus thoracis?

Answer 27

dorsal rami of all thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T12, L1-L5)

Question 28

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an insertion for the longissimus cervicis?

Answer 28

posterior tubercle of transverse processes from C2-C6 or C7, articular processes from C2-C6 or C7

Question 29

What is the innervation of the longissimus cervicis?

Answer 29

dorsal rami of C4-C8 and T1-T2 spinal nerves (C4-C8 and T1-T2 cord levels)

Question 30

What is the innervation of the longissimus capitis?

Answer 30

dorsal rami of C1-C3 or C4 spinal nerves, C1-C3 or C4 cord levels)

Question 31

Which erector spinae muscles attach to cervical articular processes?

Answer 31

longissimus cervicis and longissimus capitis

Question 32

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis thoracis?

Answer 32

spinous processes of T11 and T12-L1 and L2

Question 33

What is the innervation of the spinalis cervicis?

Answer 33

dorsal rami of all cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8 cord levels)

Question 34

What is the innervation of the spinalis capitis?

Answer 34

dorsal rami of lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves

Question 35

Which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscles?

Answer 35

semispinalis, multifidis, and rotators

Question 36

Transversospinalis muscles represent what layer of the true back?

Answer 36

layer five

Question 37

Based on the name of this group, what is the origin - insertion of the transversospinalis?

Answer 37

transverse process origin, spinous process insertion

Question 38

How many vertebrae can be attached to a single segment by transversospinalis muscles?

Answer 38

as many as nine vertebrae

Question 39

What segment will represent the lowest attachment site for the semispinalis thoracis?

Answer 39

T12

Question 40

What is the innervation of the semispinalis thoracis?

Answer 40

dorsal rami of T1-T6 spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T6)

Question 41

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis cervicis?

Answer 41

transverse tubercles of T1-T5 or T6 and articular processes of C4-C7

Question 42

What is the innervation of the semispinalis cervicis?

Answer 42

dorsal rami of C6-C8 spinal nerves (cord levels C6-C8)

Question 43

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis capitis?

Answer 43

transverse tubercles of C7, T1-T6 or T7 and articular processes of C4-C6

Question 44

What is the innervation of the semispinalis capitis?

Answer 44

dorsal rami of C1-C6 spinal nerves (cord levels C1-C6)

Question 45

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the classic multifidis?

Answer 45

articular process of C4-C7, transverse processes of T1-T12, mammillary processes of L1-L5 and the dorsal surface of S1-S4 or S5

Question 46

Contraction of the classic multifidis will result in what movements of the vertebral column?

Answer 46

lateral flexion and rotation of the spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve and prevents entrapment of zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement

Question 47

What is the innervation of the classic multifidis?

Answer 47

dorsal rami of C3-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, and S1 spinal nerves (cord levels C3-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, and S1)

Question 48

Contraction of the multifidis cervicis will result in what movements?

Answer 48

alters the zygapophyseal capsular ligament response to load distribution determines the cervical spine response to injury as evidenced by neck pain and is a significant contributor to postural control of the head and neck

Question 49

Contraction of multifidis lumborum will result in what movements?

Answer 49

lateral flexion and rotation of the lumbar spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve and prevents entrapment of lumbar zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement

Question 50

Which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin - insertion combination?

Answer 50

iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, longissimus thoracic pars lumborum and multifidis lumborum