9 3D

Question 1

Why do we do 3D

Answer 1

Nose/lips (clefting)
NTD 
hand/feet/ankles
Heart - 4CH only view needed, VSD?
Gynecology-EV in endo
Mullerian duct abnormalities
Endometrium 
IUDS

Question 2

4 Different methods. Method 1 is?

Answer 2

Free hand 2D (curvilinear)
We manually do the sweep.
No measurements but no extra equip required.

Question 3

Method 2

Answer 3

Used separate transmitter. attached to outside of 2D creates electromagnetic field

Question 4

Method 3

Answer 4

Mechanical 3D/4D transducers
used motor, steered electronically, sweeps in fanlinke motion.
Bulky and heavy

Question 5

Method 4

Answer 5

3D/4D matrix transducers

cardiac applications and more crystals

Question 6

ROI means

Answer 6

Region of interest. (can adjust)

Question 7

MPR means?

Answer 7

Multiplanar Reconstruction

Question 8

Pixels are?

Answer 8

smallest unit of 2D image

Question 9

Voxel is?

Answer 9

the smallest unit of a 3D volume set

Question 10

X =
Y=
Z=

Answer 10

Width of sweep
Height
Volume of the slice you’re taking (distance transducer covers in a sweep)

Question 11

For fetal heart you want a ___ volume angle

Answer 11

small

Question 12

For a Uterus ___volume angle

Answer 12

large

Question 13

Acquisition speed -Slow means?

Answer 13

More slices
Better quality volume
Higher resolution

Question 14

Acquisition speed -Fast means?

Answer 14

Active fetus

Eliminates fetal motion

Question 15

Poor image on 2D means?

Answer 15

POOR 3D

Question 16

Factors affecting image quality

Answer 16

Maternal size
Decreased amniotic fluid
Fetal postion

Question 17

3D multiplaner reconstrction 3 planes and forms volume.

explain X, Y , Z?

Answer 17

A/X, = Sagittal
B/Y = transverse
C/Z= Coronal

Question 18

Which planes determine ROI?

Answer 18

A/X, = Sagittal
B/Y = transverse

Question 19

Which place determines volume size?

Answer 19

C/Z= Coronal

Question 20

What has the lowest resolution ? Order of lowest to highest

Answer 20

1. C/Z= Coronal - lowest
   B/Y = transverse
   A/X, = Sagittal

Question 21

The red dot application on EV

Answer 21

put in endo tissue in 3 planes

to look at endo

Question 22

Virtual rescan not limited to these 3 images .

Describe (4)

Answer 22

a multitude of images maybe reconstructed
can rotate images in any axis
can sweep through each plane
similar to repositioning transducer

Question 23

What is Tomographic US? (4)

Answer 23

similar to CT and MRI
Multislice
Doppler and Power Doppler can be used
More uniform protocols similar to our other modalities

Question 24

What is Rendering Modes?

Answer 24

Different algorithms used to display 3D data on screen

Look at bone (skull) or soft tissue

Question 25

What are the 3 surface rendering settings?

Answer 25

1. Surface Smooth 2. Surface texture 3. Gradient light

Question 26

What is Surface smooth?

Answer 26

gives face smooth surface or skin. no underlying structures are displayed

Question 27

What is surface texture?

Answer 27

enhances details of a surface

Question 28

What is gradient light?

Answer 28

illuminating giving depth impression- more live like

Question 29

Electronic eraser is?

Answer 29

removes unwanted structures from image, placenta from face, uterine wall

Question 30

X ray mode/Max skeletal

Answer 30

``` eliminates weaker signals like ST visualize bone (stronger signal) Why? some syndromes have wormian bones (downs, and skeletal dysplasia) ```

Question 31

Inversion

Answer 31

hypoechoic structure turned into solid structure a digital cast. grey scale removed cystic area visualized as an echogenic area

Question 32

Inversion technique with Obstetrical used with

Answer 32

Fetal ventricles Dilated fetal urinary tract Heart and vessels Fetal stomach

Question 33

Inversion technique with Gynecology used with

Answer 33

Saline filled UT - sonohysterography PCOS Hydrosalpinx Follicle monitoring

Question 34

Glass body or Transparency is used in conjunction with?

Answer 34

Color doppler

Question 35

Glass body or Transparency is tissue transparent and allows one to see ___better

Answer 35

vessels. | Grey scale completely removed

Question 36

VOCAL stands for?

Answer 36

Virtual Organ Computer Aided Analysis

Question 37

How does VOCAL SOFTWARE work?

Answer 37

measures volume or an irregular object. Maps it, rotated 180 around a fixed central axis and creates 3D model

Question 38

What is the difference between 3D vs 4D

Answer 38

4D is just 3D live real time. | 3D = static, single sweep, volume stored and viewed

Question 39

Why use 3D/4D in Gyne?(6)

Answer 39

``` Congenital Ut abnormalities IUCD location - perforation? Endometrial lesions - ashermans, polyps, fibroids Origin or adnexal masses Sonohysterography Infertility evaluations ```

Question 40

Bicornuate Ut

Answer 40

"bunny ears" 2 Uterus. Indentation >1 cm (maybe us 2 IUCDs)

Question 41

Subseptate Vs Septate

Answer 41

Septate- all the way through, 2 endo canals, 1 Ut | Subseptae - >1 cm, not all way through Cx

Question 42

Arcuate Uterus is?

Answer 42

< 1cm indentation in fundus

Question 43

An Endo restriction is?

Answer 43

<5mm are hard to see

Question 44

Z technique is used for?

Answer 44

coronal Uterus

Question 45

Spine in multiple plane to look for?

Answer 45

Spina Bifida | Hemivertibrae

Question 46

AIUM states?

Answer 46

discourages the use of US for reasons not medically indicated