9. Anatomy of Hearing Flashcards
(226 cards)
1
Q
Components of the Outer Ear
A
Temporal Bone
Left Cochlea
Brain
2
Q
Hearing system is a
A
transducer
3
Q
What energies are involved in the hearing system? What is the relation?
A
Acoustic and electrochemical energy
Transducting: acoustic energy is converted into electrochemical energy
4
Q
Temporal bone contains
A
middle and inner ear
5
Q
Audition
A
process associated with hearing
6
Q
Transduction
A
ear converts acoustic energy into electrochemical energy
7
Q
Auditory mechanism
A
inner ear
middle ear
outer ear
auditory pathway
8
Q
Outer ear aka
A
pinna aka auricle
9
Q
Components
A
Helix Antihelix Concha Scaphoid Fossa Crura Anthelicis Trianglualr Fossa
10
Q
Role of Outer Ear
A
collects sound; localizes sound in space; captures sound energy
11
Q
Parts of Concha
A
Concha Auriculae
Cymba Conchae
Cavum Conchae
12
Q
Exterior area of ear
A
Targus
Antitargus
Intertragic Incisure
Lobule (Lobe)
13
Q
Ear Canal
A
External Auditory Meatus (EAM)
14
Q
EAM
A
External Auditory Meatus aka Ear Canal
15
Q
EAM is ____ -shaped
A
S
16
Q
How much of EAM is cartilage?
A
1/3 (lateral)
17
Q
How much of EAM is temporal bone?
A
2/3 (medial)
18
Q
Tympanic membrane (TM)
A
Ear Drum
19
Q
Ear Drum
A
Tympanic membrane (TM)
20
Q
What shape is the TM?
A
Oval
21
Q
What are the three layers of tissue of the TM?
A
Cuticular layer
Fibrous layer
Mucous layer
22
Q
Outer tissue layer of TM
A
Cuticular layer - continuation of epithelial lining of EAM and pinna
23
Q
Intermediate tissue of TM
A
Fibrous layer
deep - circular fibers, periphery of membrane
superficial - fibers radiate out of handle of malleus to periphery
24
Q
Inner tissue of TM
A
Mucous layer
continuous with mucosa of middle ear
25
Pars flaccida
superior to malleus
26
Manubrium malli
points of attachment exterior TM
27
Umbo
most distal attachement of manubrium
28
Cone of Light
Tensed membrane
29
Result of tension arising from attachment of manubrium to TM
Cone of Light
30
Middle Ear Cavity
houses middle ear ossicles
31
Medial wall of MEC
separates middle ear from cochlea
32
promontory of MEC
bulge from basal turn of cochlea
33
oval window of MEC
stapes footplate fits into space; lateral wall of vestible that links three osseous semicircular canals by apertures
34
lateral semicircular canal
part of vestibular system to determine position in space
shaking head "no"
body rotation
35
aeration
auditory tube brings in oxygen to middle ear (ONLY WAY)
36
Auditory tube
equalizes pressure differences between atmposphere and middle ear space
37
Auditory tube is connected to ______ in ____ and ____ orientation
nasopharynx
medially
anteriorly
38
Jugular bulb
underneath middle ear cavity floor
39
Interaction of these three canals allows brain to orient body's position and orientation in 3D space
osseous semicircular canals
40
Anterior semicircular canal
side-to-side movement
| head moving toward shoulders
41
posterior semicircular canal
nodding head yes
42
How does auditory system develop overall sense of rotation?
Anterior semicircular canal of one ear is parallel to posterior canal of other ear
43
ampulla
sensory organ for movement
44
inertia
responsible for stability and shape of canals
45
What structure houses the sensory organ for hearing?
Cochlea
46
What structure houses the sensory organs for balance?
Vestibular organ
47
The ___ of each semicircular canal houses the sensory mechanism for that canal
Ampulla
48
Cochlea
houses sensory organs for hearing
49
Cochlea coil makes just less(fewer) than ___ turns from base to apex
3
50
Modiolus
fibers of VIII vestibulocochlear nerve passes through perforation
51
Internal auditory meatus
VII facial nerve enters cranial activity
52
VIII vestibulocochlear nerve exits
temporal bone and enters cranial space
53
Vestibular organ
house sensory organs for balance
54
scala vestibuli
begins at vestibule and becomes inner part of spiral
55
how does scala vestibuli connect with middle ear space?
oval window
56
scala media
between vestibuli and tympani
57
endolymph
inner labyrinth fluid
58
perilympth
outer labyrinth fluid
59
Helicotrema
connects scala vestibuli and scala tympani
60
how does scala tympani connect with middle ear?
round window
61
The ___ of each semiciruclar canal houses the sensory mechanism of that canal
ampulla
62
Stapes footplate
fits in oval window and pushes on fluid
63
Fluid-filled sac rests within cavity of osseous labyrinth
Membranous labyrinth
64
Fluid within membranous labyrinth
endolymph
65
Fluid outside of the membranous labyrinth
perilymph
66
Houses sensory organ of each semicircular canal
ampulla
67
found in each ampulla
crista ampularis
68
overlays each crista ampularis
cupola
69
Many ___ protrude from each hair cell
sterocilia
70
One ___ protrudes from each hair cell
kinocilium
71
The ___ and ___ are within the membranous vestibule
saccule and utricle
72
what are the three bones in the ossicular chain?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
73
which muscle looks like a hammer?
malleus
74
which muscle looks like an anvil?
incus
75
which muscle looks like a stirrup?
stapes
76
ossicles are ___ to the tympanic membrane
medial
77
produced by the articulation of the lateral process within the tympanic membrane
pars flaccida
78
forms articulation between malleus and incus
malleoincudal joint
79
point of articulation of incus and stapes
lenticular process
80
muscle arising from posterior wall of middle ear cavity
stapedius muscle
81
muscle that tenses tympanic membrane
tensor tympani muscle
82
efferent innervation of the hair cell is
inhibitory
83
rests atop the hair cells
tectorial membrane
84
organ of corti rests on
basilar membrane
85
Deiters' Cells
bed that four rows of hair cells rest on
86
Where are inner and outer hair cells located?
organ of corti
87
How many cells and rows in inner hair cells?
one row; 3500 cells
88
how many cells and rows in outer hair cells?
three rows; 12,000 cells
89
"many-to-one" innervation
inner hair cell innervates as many as 10 VIII nerve fibers; "10 times as many votes"
90
"one-to-many" innervation
outer hair cells
| Shares innervation with 10 other outer hair cells that are all innervated by SAME VIII nerve fiber
91
Reissner's Membrane
separates scala vestibuli and scala media
92
Basilar Membrane
separation between scala media and tympani
93
osseus spiral lamina
medial attachment of membranous labyrinth
94
stria vascularis
distal side of scala media; highly vascularized labyrinth
95
cause excitation of hair cells in cochlea
Mechanical Processes
96
process of extracting info about frequency components of sound
Spectral Analysis
97
result of stimulation by mechanical processes
Electrochemical Processes
98
T or F: When the tympanic membrane moves inward, the stapes footplate in the oval window also moves in
True
99
T or F: Movement of the stapes footplate is a direct analog to the compressions and rarefactions of sound
True
100
T or F: When the Reissner's membrane is distended away from the scala media
False
| Reissner's membrane moves toward scala media
101
Stimulation of basilar membrane results in
Traveling wave
102
Where in cochlea is high-frequency stimulation processed?
Base
103
T or F: The point of maximum amplitude excursion of the traveling wave on the basilar membrane is the primary point of excitation of the hair cells
True
104
The basilar membrane has ____ mass at the apex than at the base
more
105
The basilar membrane has ____ width at the apex than at the base
more
106
The basilar membrane has ____ stiffness at the apex
less
107
T or F: The shearing relationship between the tectorial membrane and outer hair cells causes the cilia to bend
true
108
T or F: The shearing relationship between the tectorial membrane and the inner hair cells causes the cilia to bend
False
109
CNS
Central Nervous System
| Brain and Spinal cord
110
PNS
Peripheral Nervous System
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Sensory receptors
111
Parts of neuron
Axon, Terminal bouton, Dendrites, Soma, Synapse
112
Types of neurons
Interneurons
Motor neurons
Sensory neurons
113
Efferent pathway
Motor neurons
| info passes from cortex to other regions
114
Afferent pathway
Sensory neurons
| info concerning body state passes to brain or brain centers
115
Speeds up rate of conduction of neuron
Myelin
116
Areas in which myelin is missing
Nodes of Ranvier
117
Body of neuron
Soma
118
Reside within terminal end button of neuron
Synaptic Vesicles
119
Found within synaptic vesicles
Neurotransmitter
120
Neurotransmitter substances released into
Synaptic cleft
121
Motor neurons
Efferent neurons
122
Information generally exits through the
Axon
123
Information is generally received at the
Dendrites
124
Sensory neurons
Afferent neurons
125
Corpus callosum is made up of ____ fibers
Commissural
126
____ fibers connect one location on hemisphere with corresponding location on other hemisphere
Commissural
127
____ connect cerebrum with distant structures
Projection Fibers
128
Connect neurons of one gyrus to the next, traversing the sulcus
Short Association Fibers
129
Interconnect lobes of brain within same hemisphere
Long Association Fibers
130
Arcuate fasiculus is example of group of
Long Association Fibers
131
Most superficial lining of brain
Dura mater
132
Lacelike covering through which many blood vessels for brain pass
Arachnoid mater
133
Inner-most layer of meinges
Pia mater
134
Inside each ventricle of CSF is ____ which produces cerebrospinal fluid
choroid plexus
135
Largest of ventricles of CSF and are found in each lobe of cerebrum
lateral ventricles of CSF
136
Passageway between lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricles of CSF____
foramen of monro
137
Medial cavity between left and right thalami
3rd ventricle of CSF
138
3rd ventricle is connected fo 4th ventricle by means of (ventricles of CSF)
cerebral aqueduct
139
situated behind pons and medulla
4th ventricle of CSF
140
CSF
Cerebrospinal Fluid
141
Area of brain critical for coordination of movement
Cerebellum
142
Final sensory relay for sensory info conducted to cerebrum
Thalamus
143
Regulates reproductive behavior and physiology and desire for food and water
Hypothalamus
144
Damage to ____ will result in movement deficit
Basal Ganglia
145
Area in brain responsible for highest cognitive function of self reflection
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
146
Motor act rehearsal and response inhibition
Supplementary Motor Area
147
Execution of simple motor function
Precentral Gyrus
148
Execution of complex motor acts as well as planning
Premotor Gyrus
149
Broca's Area
Where expressive language is processed
150
Orbiofrontal cortex
Recognized as area of emotional regulation
151
Parietal lobe part of dorsal visual stream
intraparietal sulcus
152
Numeric calculation
intraparietal sulcus
153
Phonolgical procesing
Supramarginal gyrus
154
Area designated for reading
Angular Gyrus
155
Primary reception area of body sense
Postcentral Gyrus
156
Lesion results in acaluclia
Intraparietal Sulcus
157
Postcentral gyrus
Interior parietal lobule
158
Area on temporal lobe is primary receptive area for audition
Heschl's gyrus
159
comprehension of language
Wernicke's area
160
memory
hippocampus
161
face recognition
fusiform gyrus
162
T or F:dorsal visual stem is "what" stem
true
163
Occipital lobe primary reception area for vision
calcarine sulcus
164
motor programming for speech sounds
insula
165
critical for sense of taste
insula
166
sense of self
insula
167
Distal root fibers of spinal cord are (afferent/efferent) because ______
afferent
Pass into dorsal or posterior part of spinal cord
Carry sensory info to spinal cord
168
Ventral root fibers of spinal cord are (afferent/efferent) because _____
efferent
Arise from anterior or ventral portion of spinal cord
Carry impulses that cause muscles to move
169
The information lifeline to and from the periphery of the body
Spinal Cord
170
Myelin sheath over tracts of the spinal cord
White Matter
171
Regions of the body served by sensory neurons aka
Dermatomes
172
Which root fibers are afferent?
Distal root fibers
173
Cell bodies in spinal cord make up
Gray Matter
174
Sensory information is carried through the
Dorsal root fibers (afferent)
175
Motor information is conveyed through the
Ventral root fibers (efferent)
176
Sensory pathways are known as
afferent
177
Motor pathways are known as
efferent
178
Gray matter is made up of
cell bodies
179
White matter is made up of
Myelinated fibers
180
Simplest stimulus-response system of nervous system
Spinal Reflex Arc
181
Pathways through which info reaches higher centers of brain
Tracts
182
Info entering from the right side of the body ends on the _____ side of the brain
Left
183
_____ pathways transmit sensory information
Afferent
184
______ pathways transmit motor commands
Efferent
185
Because it activates muscles served by the spinal cord it is called the
Corticospinal Tract
186
Point at which fibers cross from one side to the other is
Pyramidal Decussation
187
Pyramidal decussation is within the
Medulla
188
"bulb" refers to the
Brain stem
189
_____ tract activates cranial nerves
Corticobulbar
190
Parts of Brainstem
Medulla oblongata
Pons
MIdbrain
191
Motor nuclei
impulses from cerebrum transmitted by means of corticobulbar tract
192
XII cranial nerve (hypoglossal) emerges from
Medulla
193
Immediately above medulla
Pons
194
Lowest portion of brainstem
Medulla
195
Superior-most structure of brainstem
Midbrain
196
Middle cerebellar peduncles arise from
Pons
197
Pyramidal decussation is within
Medulla
198
Most of 4th cerebral ventricle is associated w/
Pons
199
Which nerve innervates muscle of mastication and facial sensation?
V Trigeminal Nerve
200
Which nerve has both spinal and brainstem components?
XI Accessory
201
Which branch of trigeminal nerve transmits info about lower teeth?
Mandibular
202
Which branch of trigeminal nerve provides motor innervation of muscles of mastication?
Mandibular
203
Which branch of trigeminal nerve provides sensory info concerning maxillary region?
Maxillary
204
Which nerve provides motor innervation of face?
VII Facial
205
Which branch or nerve conducts auditory info?
VIII Auditory Branch
206
Innervates superior pharyngeal constrictor
IX Glossopharyngeal
207
Innervates muscle most responsible for pitch change in voice
X Vagus Sup. Laryngeal Nerve
208
Nerve responsible for activation of muscles of tongue
XII Hypoglossal
209
Innervates muscles of adduction and abduction
X Vagus Rec. Laryngeal Nerve
210
What role does frontal lobe play?
Cognitive processes
211
What role does parietal lobe play?
Body sensation
212
What role does temporal lobe play?
Speech and language
| input of auditory information
213
What are important speech and language areas of temporal lobe?
Heschl's Gyrus
Wernicke's Area
Hippocampus
214
What are important areas of speech and language in occipital lobe?
Damage to INSULAR LOBE could result in Broca's aphasia and verbal apraxia
215
Central Fissure aka
Rolandic Fissure or Central Sulcus
| between Frontal and Parietal lobes
216
What are important speech and language areas of Precentral Gyrus of Central Fissure?
Precentral Gyrus aka Motor Strip
| SPEECH MUSCLE ACTIVATION (at bottom)
217
What are important speech and language areas of Premotor Region of Central Fissure?
Broca's Area
218
grooves/infolding of cortex
Sulcus
219
very deep groove
Fissure
220
Outfolding of cortex
Gyrus
221
Important site for speech and language because it is the site for input of auditory info
Temporal Lobe
222
Extremely important for memory processing
Hippocampus
223
What lobe processes sensory information?
Parietal Lobe
224
Which area is involved in phonologic analysis?
Supramarginal Gyrus
225
Which area is involved in reading?
Angular Gyrus
226
What type of info is processed by occipital lobe?
Visual
