9 General Senses (Somatic and Visceral Senses)

Question 1

are the awareness of a stimulus

Answer 1

Sensations

Question 2

involves the interpretation of the sensation and occurs in the CNS.

Answer 2

perception

Question 3

All senses involve three steps:

Answer 3

1. A physical stimulus
2. Transformation of stimulus into nerve impulse
3. Response to the sensation in the form of a perception or conscious experience of sensation.

Question 4

signals that originate from the cutaneous areas, muscles, or joints

Answer 4

Somatosensory signals

Question 5

signals that originate from the internal structures of the body.

Answer 5

viscerosensory signals

Question 6

Sensory receptors are present in every tissue except in the ____

Answer 6

nervous system

Question 7

Sensory receptors are classified
into two categories

Answer 7

free nerve endings

encapsulated nerve endings

Question 8

-receptors with no special
modifications

-Examples are the thermoreceptors and nociceptors.

Answer 8

free nerve endings

Question 9

-sensory terminals that are ensheathed by a connective tissue capsule.

-example are the mechanoreceptors

Answer 9

encapsulated nerve endings.

Question 10

Classes of sensory receptors

Answer 10

1. Mechanoreceptors
2. Chemoreceptors
3. Nociceptors
4. Thermoreceptors
5. Photoreceptors

Question 11

-detect touch proprioceptive sensation (muscle stretch or contraction), joint position, hearing, and sense of balance.

-These receptors detect distortions in their cell membrane (bending and stretching).

Answer 11

Mechanoreceptors

Question 12

-function in the sensing of itches, taste, and smell.

-responsible for detecting changes in concentrations of specific chemicals or compounds. These receptors are also responsible for the special senses of taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction). They are responsible for sensing irritating substances on the skin, or nutrients within the GI tract or brain, and carbon dioxide or oxygen levels in our blood.

Answer 12

Chemoreceptors

Question 13

-detect pain.

-Pain is mediated by this receptor

-These receptors respond to stimuli that can damage tissue.

-Some respond directly to stimuli, and others respond indirectly since they respond to chemicals released by damaged tissue.

Answer 13

Nociceptors

Question 14

-can sense either hot or cold.

-alter their firing rate as a result of changes in temperature.

Answer 14

Thermoreceptors

Question 15

sense electromagnetic energy.

Answer 15

Photoreceptors

Question 16

What are the classification of the receptors based on location

Answer 16

exteroceptors

interoceptors

proprioceptors

Question 17

*Classified by location

receptors that are sensitive to stimuli outside (external) the body. Located near the surface of the body, they can detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature, as well as special senses such as smell, taste, vision, and auditory.

Answer 17

Exteroceptors

Question 18

*Classified by location

receptors that monitor the visceral organs and their function. They detect and monitor chemical, temperature changes, and stretching within viscera.

Answer 18

Interoceptors

Question 19

*Classified by location

also detect internal signals but are restricted to those receptors in muscles and joints that provide information concerning the position of the bones and muscles.

Answer 19

Proprioceptors

Question 20

three classes of mechanoreceptors

Answer 20

a. Tactile receptors.

b. Baroreceptors.

c. Proprioceptors.

Question 21

-responsible for the sensations of touch, pressure, and vibration.

-The two principal mechanoreceptors located in the superficial layer of the skin are the Merkel disc and Meissner’s corpuscles.

-The two mechanoreceptors found in the deep subcutaneous layers of the skin are the Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini ending.

Answer 21

Tactile receptors.

Question 22

class of mechanoreceptor that sense change in the walls of distensible organs, including blood vessels, and a portion of the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts.

Answer 22

Baroreceptors

Question 23

class of mechanoreceptor that monitor the position of joints, and the tension in tendons, ligaments, and muscles. These receptors do not adapt, and they continuously send information to the CNS.

Answer 23

Proprioceptors

Question 24

three groups of proprioceptors:

Answer 24

Muscle spindles.

Golgi tendon organs.

Receptors in the joint capsules

Question 25

*Proprioceptor

These receptors detect the length of skeletal muscles.

Answer 25

Muscle spindles.

Question 26

*Proprioceptor

Located at the junction between skeletal muscle and its tendon, this detects the stretch of the tendons. The dendrites of the receptor neurons branch extensively, wrapping around the collagen fibers of the tendon.

Answer 26

Golgi tendon organs.

Question 27

*Proprioceptor

To monitor the position of the body, joint capsules are innervated with free nerve endings that detect pressure, tension and movement of the joint

Answer 27

Receptors in joint capsules

Question 28

-are automatic, neural responses to specific stimuli.

-work to preserve homeostasis by making rapid adjustments that do not require conscious activity.

-involve a sensory receptor and a motor response.

Answer 28

Reflex

Question 29

four steps to a reflex arch:

Answer 29

1. Stimulus activates the receptor.
2. Information processing.
3. Activation of the motor neuron.
4. Response of the peripheral effector.

Question 30

Classification of Reflexes

Answer 30

1. Development of reflex.
2. Site of information processing.
3. Resulting motor response.

Question 31

*Classification of Reflexes

Innate reflexes are involved in the development of a genetically programmed response to specific stimuli. Acquired reflexes may develop later in life as a result of experience.

Answer 31

Development of reflex.

Question 32

*Classification of Reflexes

Spinal reflex is a type of reflex where the processing of information is in the spinal cord. While the processing of information in the brain results in cranial reflexes.

Answer 32

Site of information processing.

Question 33

*Classification of Reflexes

Reflexes that involve the contraction of skeletal muscle are termed somatic reflexes; those that involve smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands are called visceral reflexes.

Answer 33

Resulting motor response

Question 34

3 pathways

Answer 34

Mechanoreceptor pathway

Pain Pathway

Thermoreceptor pathway