1 Introduction to Physiology

Question 1

study of the function of living systems.

Answer 1

Physiology

Question 2

study of how cells work encompassing the study of events at the chemical, molecular, and genetic levels.

Answer 2

Cellular physiology

Question 3

study of specific organs

Answer 3

Organ physiology

Question 4

study of the function of a specific system such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, or reproductive systems.

Answer 4

systems physiology

Question 5

Levels of Organization (6)

Answer 5

1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level
3. Tissue level
4. Organ level
5. Organ system level
6. Organismal level

Question 6

*Levels of Organization

atoms are the smallest units of matter that combine to form molecules.

Answer 6

Chemical level

Question 7

*Levels of Organization

cells are the smallest unit of life. They exhibit various sizes, shapes, and properties that enable them to carry out specialized functions.

Answer 7

Cellular level

Question 8

*Levels of Organization

a tissue is a group of cells having a common structure and function.

Answer 8

Tissue level

Question 9

*Levels of Organization

two or more tissues working for a given function form an organ.

Answer 9

Organ level

Question 10

*Levels of Organization

Organs work together for a common function. For example, the alimentary canal, pancreas, gallbladder, and deliver work together to carry out the proper function of the digestive system.

Answer 10

Organ system level

Question 11

*Levels of Organization

all of the organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis.

Answer 11

Organismal level

Question 12

Milieu interieur, coined by 19th-century French physiologist ____

Answer 12

Clause Bernard,

Question 13

refers to the relatively constant internal environment which is the extracellular fluid where cells live.

Answer 13

Milieu interieur

Question 14

who is the 20th-century American physiologist that later coined the term homeostasis

Answer 14

Walter Cannon,

Question 15

“unchanging” internal environment.

Answer 15

homeostasis

Question 16

the term used when regulation occurs at either the cellular, tissue, organ or organ system level.

Ex: release of cholecystokinin when the presence of tryptophan is detected in the small intestine prompting the pancreas to release digestive enzymes.

Answer 16

Autoregulation

Question 17

involves the coordinated action of nervous and endocrine systems.

Ex: release of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and corticosteroids from adrenal glands during prolonged stress prompting the increase in blood pressure and flow to the skeletal muscle.

Answer 17

Extrinsic regulation

Question 18

responds to immediate, short-term needs.

Ex: reflex arc in which an animal withdraws its foot after stepping on a sharp object.

Answer 18

Nervous system

Question 19

elicits responses that last hours or days.

Ex: release of insulin in response to a rise in blood glucose levels.

Answer 19

Endocrine system

Question 20

The regulatory mechanisms involve a ?

Answer 20

receptor
control center
effector

Question 21

a specialized cell or a protein cell component that senses a change in the environment called a stimulus.

Answer 21

receptor

Question 22

In response to the stimulus, the receptor carries what signal to the control center.

Answer 22

afferent (away) signal

Question 23

has a set point around which the variable is maintained.

Answer 23

control center

Question 24

what signal is sent to the effector

Answer 24

efferent (toward) signal

Question 25

induces a change in the controlled variable to bring it back to the set point.

Answer 25

effector

Question 26

Which feedback systems are more common

Answer 26

Negative feedback systems

Question 27

The control system initiates changes that counteract the stimulus which will either reduce or eliminate the stimulus, thus, reestablishing the variable near its set point to maintain homeostasis.

Answer 27

Negative feedback system

Question 28

The animal elicits regulatory mechanisms that augment the effect of a stimulus.

Answer 28

Positive feedback system