9- Language And Thought Flashcards
(43 cards)
A. What is thinking?
Making sense of world
A. What do we think in terms of
Concepts and Categories
A. Define Concept
Mental representation of real thing
A. Define Category
How we group these mental representations in our minds
A. Cognitive Processes that we undergo
Categorization (A), Reasoning/ Rationalization (B), Problem Solving (C), and Decision Making (D)
A. How does thinking happen
Integrate Perception and Memory
A. 4 Theories of Thought (How do we process information at categorize it)
- Necessary (must be true to belong) and Sufficient (if true, proves it belongs to category)
- Family Resemblance- similarities, not clone though
- Prototype Theory- compare to “best” member of category
- Exemplar Theory- compare new instance with stored memories of other ones.
A. How are prototypes and exemplars processed?
- Category-specific organization = innate, no need for visual experiences.
- Prototypes: Left, Visual Cortex
- Exemplars: Right, Prefrontal Cortex
A. In what way is brain is “pre-wired” to organize inputs?
Into Living and Non-living things
A. Category-specific deficit
Inability to recognize objects that belong to a SPECIFIC category, but ability to recognize object outside category. (Categories: Names, animals, humans, tools)
Vision or Language for memory?
- Verbal> Visual
-Language Capacity is
central for memory
encoding.
Social Cognition
Make sense of oneself, the world, and our reality
(B). What is Rational Choice Theory? Do we always make decisions by it?
- Making decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two.
- We don’t always do this
Commonsense psychology
We are always trying to find meaning
What is the process of “Cognizing” the World (4) (AIJM)
- Attention
- Interpretation
- Judgement
- Memory (encoding)
We are ______ ________ when processing info
Motivated Tacticians
What are three ways we are Motivated Tacticians?
- Manage self-image- self-serving bias
- Conserve effort- heuristics (not algorithm)
- Accuracy- CDC
The first way is Managing Self Image. How do we do that (3)?
- Confirmation bias and Belief perseverance- look for things that agree with beliefs
- Self- serving bias
3rd is Accuracy. Explain it. Give a theory for it.
- JUDGING OTHERS- Info can be used and explained SYSTEMATICALLY
- Covariaton/Attribution theory:
“Jack and Jill”
- Consistency- Often?
- Distinctiveness- Same with all?
- Consensus- Others?
2nd Way we are MT: Conserving Effort. What are four ways we do this? Why?
- Availability heuristics: choose easiest to recall (familiarity)
- Representativeness heuristics- choose one closest to your prototype
- Ignoring base-rate information: choose frequency (1 of 100) over probability (1%)
- Conjunction fallacy- choose 2 events together over a single event
- We place way too much value on OUTCOMES
Framing events
People answer depending on how event is phrased
Sunk-cost fallacy
People decide based on what they invested in it
Ex: Basketball players: $$ vs skill
Optimism bias
People see themselves in optimistic light.
Prospect Theory
People chose risks when wanting to ward off loss (rebate), and avoid rick when want gains (lottery).
