Notes Developmental Psychology Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Name One Major Theme in Developmental Psychology
A
- Nature vs Nurture
2
Q
Explain the two ways a person can develop (part of Nature v Nurture)
A
- Development as Maturation- bio and orderly sequence
2. Development as Function of Experience/Learning
3
Q
How are the environment and genetics related?
A
- Independent: eye color/ hair color
- Interactive: anxiety (predisposition)
- Correlated: gene puts u in situation where u develop a problem
4
Q
Name a second Major Theme of Development
A
Role/Importance of Early Experience
5
Q
What is the period in the lives of humans called where they are most susceptible to development than others?
A
Sensitive period (Critical period in animals)
6
Q
Name a Third Major Theme of Development
A
Development as a Process
7
Q
What are the two types of processes a person can develop through?
A
- Continuous-quantitative: ongoing, gradual, uninterrupted
2. Discrete-quantitative and qualitative: step-like change
8
Q
Which of the two processes of development is true?
A
Both- Dual nature of development
- Certain Parts if One’s Life have different development
9
Q
What are Questions of Interest regarding Development?
A
- Cross-Sectional Studies: Follow different groups of people at one point in time.
- Longitudinal Studies: Follow one group of people along a time span.
- Sequential Studies: Follow different groups of people along a span of time.
10
Q
What percentage of our brain do we have in infancy?
A
23%
11
Q
What percentage of our brain do we have at 2 years?
A
75%
12
Q
At birth, babies have good _____ , but not so good ______.
A
hearing; eyesight
13
Q
Define Inter-modal Understanding. At what age is there temporal order of events?
A
- Understanding how and when infants learn to combine sensory perceptions and cognitions.
- 4-5 months
14
Q
How do we study Infant Cognitive Development?
A
Look at the Process of Habituation, where infants are always drawn to new stimuli (forget older).
15
Q
What two things do infants never habituate to?
A
Faces and emotional attachment.
16
Q
What are maturational changes?
A
Changes is brain structure that influence behavior.
17
Q
How long does it take to fully mature?
A
28 years
18
Q
What are the 3 main categories in Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?
A
Infancy –> Adaptive Function –> Adulthood
19
Q
What does the infancy stage consist of according to Piaget?
A
Concrete, here and now world conception
20
Q
What does the adulthood stage consist of according to Piaget?
A
Symbolic, abstract world conception.
21
Q
Define Adaptive function
A
Making sense of ideas and experience
22
Q
Name Piaget’s 4 Stages of Development:
A
- Sensorimotor Stage
- Pre-Operational Stage:
- Concrete-Operational Stage
- Formal Operational
23
Q
What are two types of interactions humans have that allow them to develop their adaptive function?
A
- Assimilation- fit external stimuli to internal schemas.
2. Accommodation- change internal schema to fit external stimuli.
24
Q
What is the process of equilibration?
A
A sort of reset, where assimilation and accommodation break down to allow you to continue to cognitively develop.
25
(3) Explain the Sensorimotor Stage (0-2):
- Ego-centric period- focus only on our needs/desires
- No sense of time/object permanence
- Dominated by movement and sensation
26
(4) Explain the Pre-Operational Stage (2-7):
- Develop operations
| - Disorganized view of the world with no understanding, just concepts (centration).
27
Explain the Concrete-Operational Stage (7-11):
Ability: Begin to understand essential attributes of reality
Limitations: Only get relations between concrete events, don't get abstract ones
28
Explain the Formal-Operational Stage (11 and up):
Ability: Fully understand relationships between concrete events and entirely abstract ones, and differentiate between them
29
Contributions of Piaget. How do we view development according to him?
- Redefined/set the stage for how we view development
| - Maturation (Inside-out approach)- what u see and understand depends on internal development of biological substrate
30
Limitations of Piaget (2)
- Underestimated youth's capacity for development
| - Cognitive development isn't as stage-like (discrete) as he thought, there is continuous process (dual)
31
3 Biological Theories for Social Development and theorists
1. Instinct Drive Theory- Freud
2. Ethological/Evolutionary- John Bowlby
3. Psychosocial Development- Erickson
32
Explain Instinct Drive Theory- Freud. Age range of development?
- Eros and Thanatos
- Sexual-Aggressive Drive= conflict with communal standards -> adapt -> socialized
- 0-6 years old
33
Explain Ethological/Evolutionary Theory (2). What did John Bowlby claim?
- Evolutionary basis- Darwinian
- Drive/needs seen as purely for survival
- Bowlby- talked about attachment (emotional bond w/ caregiver) and fear (instinctively seek someone when afraid)
34
Explain Psychosocial Development- Erickson
- Social Drives/Needs are BIOLOGICALLY (not sexually) based
| - There are 8 stages of development in which any crisis must be resolved
35
Name Erickson's 8 Stages
```
0-1: trust vs. mistrust
1-3: autonomy vs. shame/doubt
3-5: initiative vs. guilt
5-12: competence/industry vs. inferiority
Adolescence: identity vs. role confusion
Adult 1: intimacy vs. isolation
Adult 2: generativity vs. stagnation
Adult 3: integrity vs. despair
```
36
Cultural Theory Chart:
Child->Immediate environment -> Interrelations among environment-> Social Context->Cultural Context
37
What are 2 Theories of Development of Attachment
1. Freud- There is Pre-disposition for basic need satisfaction that causes attachment (emotional bond)
2. Bowlby- Attachment is biological (inherited), because it has survival value
38
Issue with Freud's view of attachment. Who disproved Freud? How?
- He sees attachment as secondary
- Harlow- Isolated Rhesus Monkeys
- Showed that contact comfort is more important that need satisfaction
39
According to Bowlby, what 2 purposes does attachment serve?
1. Positive- fun/pleasure
| 2. Avoid negative- contact helps to deal with fear
40
What patterns are seen in babies between 0-8 months regarding attachment?
0-6: Not much discomfort if held by stranger
| 6-8: Separation anxiety
41
How are Patterns of Attachment assessed?
Ainsworths's Strange Situations
- Baby w/ mother
- See how he reacts when she leaves and when she returns
42
- Name and describe the 4 Patterns of Attachment:
| - Why are they significant?
1. Secure (60%): Distress -> Approach and calmed
No distress -> Approach and acknowledge
2. Avoidant (20%) : No distress -> Don't approach/acknowledge
3. Ambivalence (15%): Regular distress -> No approach/ Don't want to be calmed
4. Disorganized (5): No consistent response/pattern
- Predictive of traits that child will show in the next 5 years
43
Give examples of monkeys and humans experiencing lack of attachment. How are their responses similar?
- Rhesus Monkeys (Harlow)- isolated between 3-12 months = Difficulty socializing, susceptible to stress, bad parenting
- Humans raised in orphanage lacking sensory/social care = emotionless, apathetic, stunted cognitive development
- Both rocking in corner of room
44
Rehab from lack of attachment:
- Monkeys: Placed with normal "therapist" moneys- completely recovered
- Humans: Placed with women- higher IQ, higher social/occupational level
- Both: Trouble dealing with stress
45
Infancy/childhood experiences are a _____ ______for later social relationships
vital foundation
46
Social patterns acquired in youth are _______ for later ones.
prerequisites
47
Define socialization
Process by which children learn the thought and behavior patterns characteristic of their society.
48
What types of "influences" cause socialization? Name 3 types of cultural influences:
- Cultural
- Cross-cultural similarities
- Cross-cultural differences
- Within-culture variability
49
Name the Mechanisms of Socialization:
- Reinforcement Theory= Teach what's acceptable and what's not
- Social Learning Theory= Learning from other people
- Cognitive Development Theory= Use knowledge learned in a situation in another one.
50
Who are agents of socialization?
Parents
51
Name the 3 types of Parenting Studies:
- Autocratic: Enforce strict parent control, rule-breaking is punished, children cannot question rules.
- Permissive: Have few rules, no real punishments/consequences.
- Authoritative-reciprocal: Exercise power, but explain rules and set mature expectations, emphasizing verbal communication.
52
What do these 3 types of Parenting Styles produce?
- Autocratic: Produce withdrawn, angry, lack independence, and defiant.
- Permissive: Produce withdrawn, angry, lack independence, and defiant + immature & lack social resp.
- Authoritative-reciprocal: Produce socially competent, socially responsible, more independent.
53
Where can the effects of parenting styles be seen in children's lives? Which style produces the best results?
In school, with grades and social ability. Authoritative-reciprocal.
54
Define Gender Development
Process by which children learn the thought and behavior patterns characteristic of their society.
55
Gender vs Sex
- Gender- psychological meaning attributed by a process caused sex typing
- Sex- clear cut biological basis for categorization
56
What is sex typing
Process by which we learn gender-appropriate behavior (expected for men and women)
57
Who imposed differential treatments?
- Parents and Children
58
How do parent impose differential treatment
Warmth vs Self-reliance
59
How do other kids impose differential treatment
Recognition of Gender Identity
- Boys (hierarchy, competition)
- Girls (subtle competition, collaboration)
60
What are the 4 parts of Self- Development:
1. Culture- West- Individual/ East- Communal Sense
2. Reflected Appraisal- See ourselves based on how we think others see us
3. Others/Surroundings- Social Identity Theory (roles we play ) and (self -evaluation in comparison)
4. Self-Perception- Attitude formation- inference our identity based on our behavior in situations
61
(MD) What is Moral Development also known as?
Development of Mind
62
(MD) One part of Mental Development is Perspective Taking. Define it. How is it shown?
Ability to understand other people's viewpoints and perspectives. Physical and Emotional.
63
(MD) How do children shift in perspective as they grow up?
Egocentric-> Other-centric
64
(MD) Define Theory of Mind. Where is it expressed? Are they the same of different?
- Implicit set of beliefs about the existence of thoughts/feelings
- Expressed in oneself and in others
- These expressions might differ, shape the reality we construct
65
(MD) When is this Theory of Mind reflected? What is it's precursor?
- Between 2 and 4
| - Precursor is Joint Visual Perception- understand there are different perspectives from ours
66
(MD) What is internalization?
- Learned behaviors that become almost instinctual
67
(MD) ______ is the process by which kids learn thought and behavior patterns of society.
Socialization
68
(MD) What did Freud believe was the best way to internalize beliefs in kids?
- Punishment-based
69
(MD) Was Freud's theory right? Why or why not?
No. Over justification is caused instead.
70
(MD) What is the best way to educate kids?
Principle of Minimum Sufficiency- just enough motivation to push in right direction, but not overwhelm.
71
(MD) According to Piaget, what are 3 ways children's moral thinking changes?
1. Realism to Relativism- rules: absolute -> man-made
2. Prescriptions to Principles- rules: specific -> general
3. Outcome to Intentions: outcome -> intention
72
(MD) Who developed the Moral Thought Stage Theory?
Lawrence Kohlberg (after Piaget)
73
(MD) What are the 3 levels of the Moral Thought Stage Theory?
1. Pre-conventional (7-10)- Hedonic principle
2. Conventional (10-16)- Internalize values
3. Post-conventional (16+)- Morality based on abstract principles
74
(MD) How does gender affect moral reasoning?
Males: Matter of justice (THINKING)
Females: Matter of concrete social terms (FEELING)
75
(MD) How does culture affect moral reasoning?
It's relative, depending on culture.
76
Psychopathology
Problematic thinking, feeling, or behavior that disrupts well-being and social/occupational function.
Must be persistent, harmful, and uncontrollable.
77
ID Mental Illnesses
Historically- Supernatural
| Modern- Medical Model
78
What does the medical model say?
Psychopatholgy caused by physical factors
| - Causes, symptoms, and treatments exist
79
Understanding Causality
-Based on Biopsychosocial Model- Biology, Environment, and Psychology
80
Understanding Causality gives rise to what 3 things?
1. Diathesis-Stress Model: genetic predispositions
2. Intervention-Causation Fallacy: medicine cures root of problem
3. Stigmatization: labels affect perception
81
Important Terms for Understanding Mental Illnesses:
- Disorder: symptoms/signs
- Disease: underlying physical pathology
- Diagnosis: determination of presence of disorder/disease
82
Name what is used to Classify Mental Illnesses
DSM- V: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (Version 5)
83
What is the DSM- V
Guidelines to diagnose presence and severity of pathology
84
What info does DSM-V Provide?
- Symptomatology of disorder
- Distinguish from others
- Prognosis- progression and response to treatment
85
What is anxiety?
Psychological and physiological response to stress- symptoms and adaptability
86
When does anxiety become pathological?
PERSISTENT, EXCESSIVE, IRRATIONAL
87
(A): Name Categories of Anxiety Disorders and their Etiology:
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder- excessive, without cause // Etiology- Bio and Psychological
2. Panic Attacks- sudden, random response that produces terror // Etiology: Bio- sensitive to sodium lactate; Psych- Arousal=Panic/Anxiety
88
(A): Name and define four types of anxiety disorders
1. Specific phobias- PEI fear of animals, nature, situations, blood/injury
2. Social phobias- PEI fear of observed, judged, embarrassed.
3. OCD- PEI thoughts (OBSESSIONS) that cause ritualistic behaviors (COMPULSIONS)
4. PTSD- PEI reliving past traumatic experiences. Negative emotional, arousal, and substance abuse effects.
89
(A): Etiology of Anxiety Disorders:
- Biopsychosocial
- Biological- Heriditability (Diathesis-Stress), Sodium Lactate (Panic), Dopamine (Phobias)
- Psychological- Coping, personality, interpretation of arousal and environment, cognition
- Social- Roles, life events, CHANGE
+ 80% panic attacks = situations
90
(A): Define Preparedness Theory:
Fear prepares to respond effectively.
91
What is mood?
| (B): What are the types of Mood Disorders?
- Mood- long-lasting, non-specific emotional state -> Disorder= extreme; disrupt functioning
1. Depressive Disorders I
2. Depressive Disorders II
92
(B): Describe Depressive Disorders I
1. Major Depression
+severe depression & anhedonia + symptoms
+Ongoing 12 weeks
+Treatment: 90% recover, 50% recurrence
2. Dysthymia- mild to moderate
+most of the day
+Lasts 2+ years
3. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)- tied to circadian rhythms
93
(B): Describe Depressive Disorders II
1. Bipolar I: major depression with mania
2. Bipolar II: major depression by hypomania
3. Cyclothymia: Dysthymia and hypomania
94
(B): Etiology of Depressive Disorders:
+ Depressive
- Bio: genes (80-90% have family history), chemicals (serotonin and norphenylephrine, structure (RIGHT PREFRONTAL CORTEX), circadian rhythms
- Psycho: Negative thoughts (internal and stable)
- Social: Life stressors, interactions, learned helplessness
+ Mood
- Bio- Highest heriditability
- Psycho- personality
- Social- neuroticism and conscientiousness
95
(C): What are personality disorders?
Consistent, inflexible, maladaptive ABC patterns; can't control impulses.
96
(C): What are Personality Disorder clusters?
1. Odd/Eccentric behavior
2. Dramatic/emotional/aloof
3. Anxious/fearful/inhibited
97
(C): Etiology of Personality Disorders
B: less active LOWER FRONTAL LOBE function
P: social learning
S: unstable households/neighborhoods
98
(D): What are dissociative disorders?
Severely fragmented cognitive process; split from ABC
99
(D): What are the Dissociative Disorders?
Etiology?
1. Diss. Identity Disorder- 2+ identities; physiological, behavioral, and cognition differences
2. Diss. Amnesia- Sudden loss of memory
3. Diss. Fugue- Loss of all memory and departure from home life
- Trauma/pain causes people to remove from experience (2 id)
100
(E): What is schizophrenia?
"Splitting of the mind"- disrupts ABC
| Impairs social, motor, behavior, cognition, perception
101
(E): Stats for schizophrenia
- Begins late teens-late 20s
- 10-20% fully recover
- More that 50% will relapse
102
(E): Diagnosis:
- Continuous for 6 months:
> Hallucinations- false perception
> Delusions- false belief
- Positive symp:
> Disorganized speech
> Disorganized behavior
- Neg symp:
> Flat affect
> Social withdrawal
103
(E): What does more negative symptoms mean?
Worse prognosis. Doesn't respond well to meds.
104
(E) Etiology:
B: Genetic predisposition (twins/both parents= 50%), Dopamine, Ventricles
P: Unable to cope with stress/ Diathesis stress
S: Upbringing, urban areas 2x
105
Types of treatment for psychopathology:
Psychotherapy and medicaton
106
Types of psychotherapy:
Psychodynamic, Social-Cognitive, Humanist, Systems
107
Medical- Biological Perspective: Administration, Focus, Treatment
- Admin. by MDs
- Focus on: heriditability, bio structures, and chemicals
- Treatment types: Psychopharmacology, Electroconvulsive therapy, Psychosurgery
108
Psychopharmacology (3)
- Placebo effect
- Antipsychotics: tranquilizers, treat schizophrenia, used to reduce dopamine (now serotonin as well); side effect- tardive dyskenesia
- Antianxiety: benzodiazepines- facilitate GABA acid, highly effective, limitations- high tolerance and addictive
- Antidepressant
109
Name 3 types of Antidepressant/Mood Stabilizing
1. MAO (monoamine oxiclase) inhibitors
- Lose sexual interest
2. Tricyclics- re-uptake reducers
- Serotonin/norphenylephrine
3. SSRI (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors)
4. Lithium- Bipolar disorder
- Deal with mania; slow
110
Electroconvulsive Therapy
More effective for severe depression
Memory loss
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation- as effective; no memory loss
111
Psychosurgery
Reduce psychological symptoms
| Trepany and Lobotomy are older methods
