9. Speaking Style and Emotion

Question 1

What is the focus of paralinguistics in speech science?

Answer 1

The emotional and stylistic features of speech

Paralinguistics is about how speech is spoken, including style and emotion.

Question 2

What distinguishes extralinguistics from paralinguistics?

Answer 2

It deals with speaker identity and traits beyond control

Extralinguistics focuses on speaker-specific characteristics like pitch range and voice quality.

Question 3

Which context is likely to involve hyper-speech?

Answer 3

Speaking to someone in a noisy environment

Hyper-speech is clear and exaggerated for better intelligibility, often used in noise.

Question 4

What continuum describes variation in speaking style?

Answer 4

Hypo–Hyper speech

The continuum goes from hypo-speech (low effort, familiar) to hyper-speech (clear, unfamiliar).

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a clear speech strategy?

Answer 5

Lowering pitch range

Clear speech tends to raise pitch and increase variation, not lower it.

Question 6

What makes studying emotional speech challenging?

Answer 6

It is unethical to induce real emotions

It is unethical to elicit strong emotions like fear or anger for research purposes.

Question 7

What are the ‘big six’ emotions described by Plutchik (1980)?

Answer 7

Anger, boredom, fear, joy, sadness, neutral

This lecture lists anger, boredom, fear, joy, sadness, and neutral as key recognisable emotions.

Question 8

What are the two axes in Cowie’s valence-activation model?

Answer 8

Valence and activation

Valence (positive/negative) and activation (disposition to act) form the two axes.

Question 9

What is a common method used to collect emotional speech data?

Answer 9

Using acted, elicited, or found recordings

Emotional speech is typically collected through acted, elicited, or found recordings.

Question 10

Which acoustic parameter is not typically analyzed in emotional speech?

Answer 10

Syntactic complexity

Syntactic complexity is not a primary focus when studying emotional speech acoustics.

Question 11

What does increased cognitive load tend to affect in speech?

Answer 11

Speaking rate, pitch, and pause timing

Cognitive load affects timing, prosody, and fluency in speech production.

Question 12

What speech changes are associated with fatigue?

Answer 12

Decreased pitch, slower speech, more pauses

Fatigue leads to lower pitch, more pauses, and slower speech.

Question 13

How can speech reveal intoxication?

Answer 13

Through spectral slope and prosody changes

Speech under intoxication shows prosodic and acoustic changes measurable acoustically.

Question 14

Why is physiological speech variation important for research?

Answer 14

It provides cues for health and well-being monitoring

Physiological changes to speech can help detect fatigue, illness, and emotional stress.

Question 15

What aspect of speech does extralinguistics focus on?

Answer 15

Speaker identity and voice characteristics

Extralinguistics studies characteristics beyond what speakers can control.

Question 16

What defines hypo-speech?

Answer 16

Fast, casual, and familiar speech

Hypo-speech represents low effort and informal speaking styles.

Question 17

What effect does increased lung pressure have on clear speech?

Answer 17

Increases loudness and pitch

Higher lung pressure contributes to clearer and more intense speech.

Question 18

Which is NOT one of the six basic emotions mentioned in the lecture?

Answer 18

Love

The six basic emotions include anger, joy, fear, sadness, surprise, and disgust.

Question 19

What does activation refer to in emotional speech analysis?

Answer 19

Readiness to act or emotional arousal

Activation indicates the degree of emotional engagement or response.

Question 20

Which speech feature is commonly affected by emotional state?

Answer 20

Pitch height and variation

Emotional states can significantly alter the pitch and its modulation in speech.

Question 21

What type of emotional speech data involves using actors?

Answer 21

Acted emotions

Acted emotions are intentionally performed by actors to simulate emotional speech.

Question 22

Which method collects natural emotional data without acting or elicitation?

Answer 22

Found emotions

Found emotions are recordings of genuine emotional expressions in natural contexts.

Question 23

What effect can fatigue have on speech?

Answer 23

Lower pitch, slower speech, more pauses

Fatigue typically leads to noticeable changes in speech characteristics.

Question 24

Which test is commonly used to measure cognitive load?

Answer 24

Stroop Test

The Stroop Test assesses cognitive interference and load through color-word tasks.

Question 25

What speech changes are associated with intoxication?

Answer 25

Irregular pitch, slower rate, degraded articulation ## Footnote Intoxication affects clarity and rhythm in speech production.

Question 26

Why is physiological speech analysis useful?

Answer 26

It can monitor well-being or illness ## Footnote Analyzing physiological aspects of speech can provide insights into a speaker's health.

Question 27

What challenge exists in studying the physiological effects on speech?

Answer 27

High variation between individuals ## Footnote Individual differences in physiological responses complicate research in this area.

Question 28

What’s a key conclusion from this lecture on paralinguistics and extralinguistics?

Answer 28

They are systematically variable and can be measured ## Footnote Paralinguistic and extralinguistic features are important for understanding communication.