J's Flashcards
Andrew Jackson
a general in the War of 1812, an unsuccessful presidential candidate in 1824, but elected as president in 1828 and popular with the common man, seeming to be the prototype of the self-made Westerner - rough-hewn, violent, vindictive, with few ideas but strong convictions; more than any president before him, he used his office to dominate his party and the government
Jackson’s Florida Invasion
Prompted by Indian troubles in the newly acquired areas of western Florida, the invasion by General Andrew Jackson, acting under dubious authority, of Spanish East Florida and the hanging of two British subjects whom he suspected of selling guns and supplies to the Indians
Jamestown
the first permanent English settlement in North America, named after the king of England
Jay’s Treaty with Britain
the 1794 treaty negotiated by John Jay with the British that attempted to curtail Britain’s seizure of American merchant ships and the forcing of their crews into service with the British navy, as well as to curtail English agitation of their Indian allies on the western borders
Jay-Gardoqui Negotiations
begun in 1774 between Congress’s secretary of foreign affairs, John Jay, and Spanish minister Gardoqui for a treaty that would have granted lucrative commercial privileges to large east-coast merchants, in exchange for U.S. acceptance of Spain’s closure of the Mississippi River as an outlet for the agricultural goods of the rapidly growing settlements in Kentucky and Tennessee
Thomas Jefferson
the author of the Declaration of Independence; later, an influential member of the Republican Party and the second vice president of the United States
Jeremiads
Sermons of Puritan ministers who strongly denounced the trend toward secular values
Jim Crow laws
laws that separated the races and restricted the lives of blacks by prejudice everywhere in the United States, even though, by 1850, 200,000 free blacks lived in the North and West
John Brown’s raid
the 1859 seizure by John Brown and eighteen followers of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, where they took hostages and endeavored to incite a slave uprising
Join Resolution of 1845
President Tyler’s successful measure to admit Texas as a state in the Union at the end of his presidency
Joint-Stock Companies
Groups of merchants that raised capital by the sale of shares of stock; such companies owned the early English colonies, with all members sharing the profits regardless of how much or how little they worked
John Paul Jones
the most famous American naval leader during the War of Independence who captured ships and carried about audacious raids even along the coast of Britain itself
Judiciary Act of 1789
a law that provided for a Supreme Court, with six justices, and invested it with the power to rule on the constitutional validity of state laws; a system of district courts was also established to serve as courts of original jurisdiction, and three courts of appeal were also provided for
Judiciary Act of 1801
a law passed by the Federalist Congress that allowed President Adams, then at the end of his term, to fill the newly created vacancies with party supporters and also led to the appointment of John Marshall as Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, thus guaranteeing continuation of Federalist policies from the bench of the high court
