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Psych Biology > Biology and Behaviour > Flashcards

Biology and Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Hindbrain

A

Contains cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and reticular formation. Controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, and general arousal processes such as sleeping and waking

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2
Q

midbrain

A

contains inferior and superior colliculi

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3
Q

forebrain

A

contains thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station for sensory information, for all senses except smell

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5
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Maintains homeostais and integrates with the endocrine system through the hyophyseal portal system that connects it to the anterior pituitary; regulates hunger and thirst, emotion, and sexual behaviour.

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6
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Smoothen movements and maintains postural stability

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7
Q

Limbic System

A

Contains septal nuclei, amygdala, and hippocampus, controls emotion and memory

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8
Q

Four lobes of cerebral cortex

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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9
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Controls executive function, impulse control, long-term planning, motor function, and speech production

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10
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Controls sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain; spatial processing; orientation; and manipulation

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11
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Controls visual processing

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12
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Controls sound processing, speech perception, memory, and emotion

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13
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Voluntary muscle control, parasympathetic nervous system, attention, alertness

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14
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A

Fight-or-flight responses, wakefulness, alertness

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15
Q

Dopamine

A

Smooth movements, postural stability

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16
Q

Serotonin

A

Mood, sleep, eating, dreaming

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17
Q

GABA and Glycine

A

Brain “stabilization”

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18
Q

Glutamate

A

Brain excitation

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19
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural painkillers

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20
Q

Meninges

A

Thick sheath of connective tissue that covers and protects the brain, keeping it anchored within the skull and resorbing cerebrospinal fluid.

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21
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

From outer to inner: The dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater

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22
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

By specialized cells that line the ventricles (internal cavities) of the brain

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23
Q

What are the subdivisions of the embryonic brain?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain) which contains the telencephalon and diencephalon, the mesencephalon (midbrain), rhombencephalon (hindbrain), and spinal cord

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24
Q

The rhombencephalon splits into what 2 parts during embryonic development

A

Myelencephalon and metencephalon

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25
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Becomes the medulla oblongata

26
Q

Metencephalon

A

Becomes the pons and cerebellum

27
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Lower brain structure responsible for regulating vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure

28
Q

Pons

A

Lies above medulla and contains sensory and motor pathways between the cortex and medulla

29
Q

Cerebellum

A

Helps maintain posture and balance and coordinates body movements

30
Q

Midbrain

A

Receives sensory and motor information from the rest of the body; associated with involuntary reflex responses triggered by visual or auditory stimuli; contains inferior and superior colliculi

31
Q

Superior colliculus

A

Receives visual sensory input

32
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

Receives sensory information from the auditory system; has a role in reflexive reactions to sudden loud noises

33
Q

Forebrain function

A

Associated with complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioural processes

34
Q

What 2 structures does the prosencephalon differentiate into during prenatal development

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

35
Q

Telencephalon

A

forms cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system

36
Q

Diencephalon

A

Forms thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland

37
Q

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)

A

A noninvasive brain mapping procedure which detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain

38
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A

Multiple X-rays are taken at different angles and processed by a computer to cross-sectional slice images of the tissue

39
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan

A

A radioactive sugar is injected and absorbed into the body, and its dispersion and uptake throughout the target tissue is imaged

40
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Uses to a magnetic field to interact with hydrogen and map out hydrogen dense regions of the body

41
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

Uses same basic technique as MRI, but specifically measures changes associated with blood flow

42
Q

Parts of the hypothalamus

A

Lateral, ventromedial, and anterior hypothalamus

43
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)

A

Has special receptors thought to detect when the body needs more food or fluids
(when LH is destroyed, one Lacks Hunger)

44
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

A

“Satiety center”, provides signals to stop eating

when VMH is destroyed, one is Very Much Hungry

45
Q

Anterior Hypothalamus

A

Controls sexual behaviour, and also regulates sleep and body temperature.
Damage here usually leads to permanent inhibition of sexual activity

46
Q

What is one illness associated with destruction of portions of the Basal Ganglia

A

Parkinson’s Disease

47
Q

Septal nuclei

A

Contains one of the primary pleasure centers in the brain

48
Q

Amygdala

A

Structure that plays an important role in defensive and aggressive behaviours, including fear and rage

49
Q

Hippocampus

A

Plays a vital role in learning and memory processes; helps consolidate information to form long-term memories, and can redistribute remote memories to the cerebral cortex

50
Q

Fornix

A

A long projection through which the hippocampus communicates with other portions of the limbic system

51
Q

Gyri

A

Bumps on the brain

52
Q

Sulci

A

Folds on the brain

53
Q

What 2 regions does the frontal lobe consist of

A

Prefrontal and motor cortex

54
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Manages executive function by supervising and directing the operations of other brain regions

55
Q

Association area

A

An area that integrates input from diverse brain regions (e.g. prefrontal cortex)

56
Q

Projection areas

A

Perform more rudimentary or simple perceptual and motor tasks

57
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Located on the precentral gyrus and initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down the spinal cord toward the muscles

58
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex located

A

Parietal lobe

59
Q

Function of Somatosensory cortex

A

Destination for all incoming sensory signals for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

60
Q

Dominant hemisphere

A

Usually the left hemisphere; primarily analytic in function; e.g. language, logic, math skills, complex voluntary movement, language production and comprehension

61
Q

Nondominant hemisphere

A

Usually the right hemisphere; associated with intuition, creativity, music cognition, emotions, and spatial processing

62
Q

Catecholamines

A

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine; all play important roles in the experience of emotions

Psych Biology (11 decks)

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