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Psych Biology > Social Stratification > Flashcards

Social Stratification Flashcards

1
Q

Social class

A

Defined as a category of people who share a similar socioeconomic position in society

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2
Q

Socioeconomic status (SES)

A

May depend on ascribed or achieved status

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3
Q

Ascribed status

A

Derives from clearly identifiable characteristics, such as age, gender and skin color

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4
Q

Achieved status

A

Acquired through direct, individual efforts

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5
Q

3 major social classes

A

upper, middle, and lower

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6
Q

Prestige

A

Refers to the amount of positive regard society has for a given person or idea

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7
Q

Power

A

The ability to affect others’ behaviour through real or perceived rewards and punishments, and is based on the unequal distribution of valued resoures

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8
Q

Marxist theory

A

Proposes that the have-nots, called the proletariat, could overthrow the haves, called the bourgeoisie, as well as the entire capitalist economy by developing class consciousness

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9
Q

Class consciousness

A

Refers to the organization of the working class around shared goals and recognition of a need for collective political action

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10
Q

What is one major barrier to class consciousness

A

False consciousness, a misperception of one’s actual position within society

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11
Q

Anomie

A

A lack of social norms, or the breakdown of social bonds between an individual and society. Anomic conditions erode social solidarity by means of excessive individualism, social inequality, and isolation (strain theory)

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12
Q

Strain theory

A

Focuses on how anomic conditions can lead to deviance

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13
Q

Social Capital

A

Can be considered the investments people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards; the greater the investment, the higher the level of social integration (peaceful movement into mainstream society) and inclusion

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14
Q

What is one of the main forms of social capital

A

Social Networks

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15
Q

What are two types of social inequality created by social networks

A

Situational (socioeconomic advantage) and positional (based on how connected one is within a network and one’s centrality within that network).

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16
Q

Cultural capital

A

Refers to the benefits one receives from knowledge, abilities, and skills

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17
Q

Strong ties

A

Refers to peer group and kinship contacts, which are quantitatively small but qualitatively powerful

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18
Q

Weak ties

A

Refer to social connections that are personally superficial, but that are large in number and provide connections to a wide range of other individuals

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19
Q

Intersectionality

A

Compounding of disadvantage seen in individuals who belong to more than one oppressed group

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20
Q

Five ethnicities model

A

Used by the United States Census Bureau and the National Institutes of Health (NIH): white, black, Asian, Latino, and Native American

21
Q

Social mobility

A

Typically the result of an economic and occupational structure that allows one to acquire higher-level employment opportunities given proper credentials and experience requirements; can be upward or downward

22
Q

Meritocracy

A

Based on intellectual talent and achievement, and is a means for a person to advance up the social ladder

23
Q

Plutocracy

A

Rule by the upper classes

24
Q

Horizontal mobility

A

A change in occupation or lifestyle that remains within the same social class

25
Q

Poverty

A

Defined by low socioeconomic status and a lack of possessions or financial resources

26
Q

Social reproduction

A

refers to the passing on of social inequality, especially poverty, from one generation to the next

27
Q

Structural poverty

A

Theory as to the cause of poverty based on the concept of “holes” in the structure of society rather than due to the actions of the individual

28
Q

Absolute poverty

A

When people do not have enough resources to acquire basic life necessities, such as shelter, food, clothing, and water

29
Q

Relative poverty

A

When one is poor in comparison to a larger population

30
Q

How is the poverty line determined in the US?

A

Determined by the government’s estimation of the minimum income requirements for families to acquire their minimum needs

31
Q

What is the main problem with how poverty line is determined in US?

A

It is not contextualized according to geographic location and thus does not take into account the cost of living in different communities

32
Q

Social exclusion

A

Can arise from this sense of powerlessness when poor individuals feel segregated and isolated from society

33
Q

Spatial inequality

A

A form of social stratification across territories and their populations, and can occur along residential, environmental, and global lines.

34
Q

Urban decay

A

A previously functional portion of a city detoriates and becomes decrepit over time

35
Q

Urban renewal

A

City land is reclaimed and renovated for public or private use

36
Q

Gentrification

A

Upper and middle-class populations begin to purchase and renovate neighbourhoods in deteriorated areas, displacing the low-SES population

37
Q

Environmental Injustice

A

Refers to an uneven distribution of environmental hazards in communities. Lower-income neighbourhoods may lack the social and political power to prevent the placement of environmental hazards in their neighbourhoods

38
Q

World System theory

A

Categorizes countries and emphasizes the inequalities of the division of labor at the global level

39
Q

Core nations

A

Focus on higher skills and higher paying productions, while exploiting peripheral nations for their lower-skilled productions

40
Q

Semi-peripheral nations

A

These nations work toward becoming core nations, while having many characteristics of peripheral nations

41
Q

Incidence

A

The number of new cases of a disease per population at risk in a given period of time: for example, new cases of lung cancer per 1000 at-risk people per year

42
Q

Prevalence

A

The number of cases of a disease per population in a given period of time: e.g. cases of lung cancer per 1000 people per year

43
Q

Morbidity

A

The burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease

44
Q

Mortality

A

Refers to deaths caused by a given disease

45
Q

Second sickness

A

Refers to an exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice

46
Q

How do mortality and morbidity rates in males and females compare

A

Males tend to have worse mortality rates than females, but females tend to have higher morbidity rates. Results from both biological and sociological factors

47
Q

Medicare

A

Covers patients over the age of 65, those with end-stage renal disease, and those with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

48
Q

Medicaid

A

Covers patients who are in significant financial need

Psych Biology (11 decks)

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