Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

4 stages of digestion

A

Ingestion

Digestion

Absorption

Elimination

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2
Q

Define Peristalsis

A

A wave of contraction caused by contraction of longitudinal and circumferential involuntary (smooth) muscle in the wall of the digestive tract.

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3
Q

Stages of Ingestion

A

Teeth pulverise food
Food is chewed (masticated)
Mixed with saliva to soften and partly digest food in the mouth
Mechanical manipulation of food with assistance of the tongue
Food is shaped into a bolus for swallowing
Food is passed to the stomach via the oesophagus.

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4
Q

Stages of digestion

A

Mixed with Hydrochloric acid/enzymes in stomach (chyme)

Mixture is passed to small intestine, more enzymes, bile and pancreatic juice added

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5
Q

Stages of absorption

A

Chyme continues through intestine, nutrients are absorbed by small intestine and water is absorbed by large intestine

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6
Q

Stages of Defection

A

Remains are evacuated

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7
Q

Define Enzymes

A

A chemical substance which causes or accelerates a chemical change in another substance without being changed itself.

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8
Q

Main organs of the Alimentary Tract

A
Mouth
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus.
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9
Q

Features of the Oesophagus

A

Soft muscular tube, 25cm long

Cardiac Sphincter stops regurgitation

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10
Q

Features of the Stomach

A

Churns and mixes food and juice to Chyme
Absorbs water, Alcohol and specific drugs
Passage into duodenum via the Pyloric Sphincter

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11
Q

Features of the Small Intestine

A

Breaks down carbs, protein and fats.
Converts them to sugars, amino acids and acids
Absorbed nutrients go to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

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12
Q

Features of the Large Intestine

A

Food minus majority of nutrients enter the large intestine
Large amount of salts and water are absorbed.
waste is compacted before passing to the rectum

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13
Q

Two sphincters in the rectum

A

Internal – (smooth Muscle) – Involuntary.

External – (skeletal muscle) – Voluntary

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14
Q

Functions of the liver

A

Removes amino-acids and breaks down worn out cells producing urea with waste products.

Conversion of glucose to glycogen which is then stored

Conversion of glycogen to glucose when sugar levels are low

Breakdown of stored fat

Production of heat

Produces and secretes Bile (fat Break down) into Gall Bladder via Hepatic duct

Storage of vitamin and iron

Nutrient rich blood from Hepatic Portal vein.

Synthesis of vitamin A

Synthesis of plasma proteins

Inactivation of drugs and hormones

Metabolising alcohol.

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15
Q

Functions of the Pancreas

A

Production of pancreatic juice

Production of insulin

Hormones and Glucagon.

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16
Q

Description and function of the Peritoneum

A

A serous membrane lining the abdomen and covers abdominal organs

It prevents friction between organs

It stores fat, carries lymph tissue, blood vessels

Carries blood vessels and fights infection

If it becomes infected peritonitis occurs.

17
Q

Functions of the Spleen

A

The functions of the spleen;
Produce new white blood cells
Store red blood cells
Destroy old red blood cells.

18
Q

Common GI conditions

A
Mouth ulcers
Indigestion
Abdominal pain
Constipation
Rectal problems
Diarrhoea and vomiting
Threadworms.
19
Q

Indications for nasogastric intubation

A

Patients who require short-term enteral tube feeding (2-4 weeks) as a sole source of nutrition or for supplementary feeding

Can also be used to remove toxic substances from the stomach or to obtain a sample of the stomach contents

20
Q

Contra-indications of nasogastric intubation

A

Patients who require long-term enteral tube feeding in whom it may be more appropriate to use a gastrostomy tube

Patients with coagulation disorders should have blood clot-ting checked by the medical team and appropriate blood products administered if required prior to insertion

Severe midface trauma

Recent Nasal surgery.