9.1 Flashcards
How was king philip killed
The kingdom of
Macedon at the
death of Philip II
in 336 BCE.
The king was
killed by one of
his bodyguards
during the
wedding of one
of his
daughters.
Philip was
preparing an
expedition
against the
Persian empire
How was alexander acclaimed and what did he do after being acclaimed
Alexander was
acclaimed king by the
assembly.
After his accession, he
defeated rebellious
Greeks and foreign
invaders.
Having secured his power
in the Greek peninsula,
he decided to resume
Philip’s plan
Alexander invasion of Troy explain more
BCE Alexander
started his invasion of
the Persian empire.
* One of his first acts was
to visit Troy and pay
respect to the
supposed tomb of
Achilles.
* He dedicated his armor
and took a shield from
the temple of Athen
The first battle: what was it called and rummer
The first battle: the Granicus river
he satraps of Anatolia put together an army made of
Persian cavalry and Greek mercenary soldiers. Their
military advisor Memnon, a Greek, suggested to avoid
a pitched battle and use a scorched earth strategy to
weaken Alexander’s army.
* The satraps refused and decided to defend their
provinces against the invader. Their army waited for
Alexander at the Granicus river
The Persian and Alexadner Battle Plan where did they meet
The Persian cavalry, 20,000 strong, lined up along
the banks of the river, waiting for the
Macedonians to attempt to cross. Their plan was
to hit them from higher ground with arrows and
javelins while they were slowly crossing the
riverbed.
* The Greek mercenary hoplites were positioned
some 200 m behind the cavalry.
Alexander sent a small force across the river, which
attracted the missiles of the Persian cavalry and took
heavy losses.
* The Persians saw that the Macedonians were
struggling and rode down into the riverbed to finish
them off. This was what Alexander was hoping for: he
attacked with the Companion Cavalry and the
support of the Shield B
How did Alexander almost die
He led the wedge and rhoesaces rode up to alexader and hit him on th head with his scimitar breaking off a piece of his hletm. the he also struck alexander tot he ground
Bold:
Spithridates
from behind had already raised aloft his scimitar
against the king, when Cleitus, son of Dropidas,
anticipated his blow, and hitting him on the arm,
cut it off, scimitar and all.”
he Persian cavalry fled the battlefield and the
rest of the Macedonian army crossed the river
unopposed.
* The Greek mercenaries were left without
support to face the whole army of Alexander. They
tried to surrender, but Alexander refused. Most of
them were killed, the rest were enslaved and sent
to Macedon.
* After the battle bronze statues of the 25
Companions who died in battle and of
Alexander were set in a sanctuary. 300 Persian
suits of armor were sent to Athens to be
displayed on the acropolis.
Alexander and Darius III face off
where did they met
After the defeat of the western satraps the king, Darius
III, recruited a large army, took personal command of the
troops and moved west to stop Alexander’s advance.
* The two armies met at Issus, in a small coastal plain
between the mountains and the Mediterranean crossed
by the Pinarus river. Darius took a defensive position
across the river.
At
first he still led them on in close array with
measured step, although he had the forces of Darius
already in full view, lest by a more hasty march any
part of the phalanx should fluctuate from the line
and get separated from the rest.” (Arrian 2.10)
The Persians could not stop the concentrated
attack of Alexander’s elite forces, which broke
through their line and forced Darius III to flee.
* Then Alexander turned against the Persian
centre, where Greek mercenaries in Persian
service were holding their ground. They were
taken between him and the phalanx. A general
rout followed. The Persian camp was taken,
and the family of Darius was captured.
What was the last battle of Darius III and Alexander
Where di they meet what near city
Darius put together a new, even larger army
with troops from the Eastern provinces. With
few Greek mercenary hoplites, he did not have
heavy infantry who could match the
Macedonian phalanx but had mobile troops
and clear numeric superiority
BOLD:
His strategy was to find a large and open
battlefield and outflank the powerful but
much smaller army of Alexander.
To increase
his offensive potential, he also deployed
scythed chariots. The two armies met at
Gaugamela, near the city of Arbela in
Northern Mesopotamia .
The flanking attacks of the Persians put heavy pressure
on the wings. Alexander waited until the Persian line
was extended, then with his best units made a
concentrated attack against a weak spot of the
Persian centre, which broke, causing the collapse of all
the line.
Where did Alexander goafter Issues and where did alexadner visit
After Issus Alexander did not
pursue Darius but continued
his march along the coast all
the way to Egypt, which
surrendered. There Alexander
visited to oasis of Siwa where
he claimed to have received
confirmation of his divine
origin. In Egypt he acted as the
heir of the pharaohs who was
restoring the country’s freedom
after Persian occupati
After Darius III loses his third battle what happened?
Who killed Darius ad whar did alexander do
Darius fled with his remaining troops and satraps.
Soon they decided to put him under arrest, and
they murdered him when Alexander approached.
Bessus, satrap of Bactria, became the leader of
Persian resistance. Bessus was related to the royal
family and claimed the title of king.
* Alexander buried the body of Darius III with royal
honors.
Achaemenid royal tombs near Persepolis
