Test 1

Question 1

When was war endemic

Answer 1

• Starting at least from the neolithic War was endemic
• means that beginning with the Neolithic period, which marks the advent of agriculture and settled communities, warfare became a constant and widespread occurrence. The term “endemic” in this context suggests that war was not just an occasional or isolated phenomenon but was regularly present or prevalent across different societies and regions during this time.
• Endemic: refers to regularly occurring within an area or community, so war was regularly occurring

Question 1

War and Peace definiton, who quoted about peace ad who are the two greek deities associated with war?

Answer 1

• War = Violent confrontation between two communities (not indivusals, families or other sub groups of societies, but the whole community)
• Peace = absence of war? Stable order based on princilples of justice?

Michael Eliot Howard stated:
- peace is far more difficult and complex affair than war” and not an order natural to humankind but an “artificial, intricate and highly volatile” state.

• Ares and Athena, two Greek deities (gods) associated with war

1. Peace as the Absence of War: peace is simply understood as the lack of active conflict or warfare between groups. This concept focuses on the cessation of violence and hostilities, emphasizing a state where armed conflict is not present.
2. Peace as Stable Order Based on Principles of Justice: This definition goes beyond the mere absence of war and encompasses a more positive and comprehensive understanding of peace. It includes the establishment of a social and political order that is based on justice, equity, and respect for human rights. In this view, peace is not just about stopping violence but also about creating conditions that prevent conflict and ensure fairness, security, and well-being for all members of society.

Question 2

• The shrine of Janus in Rome

Answer 2

The shrine of Janus in Rome. Its gates were closed when the city was at peace, open when at war.

“Our ancestors wanted the temple of Janus Quirinus to be closed when throughout the empire of the Roman people, by land and by sea, peace had been secured through victory. ”

Question 3

The first early states were located where and what time

Answer 3

he first”early states” in Southern Mesopotamia (today
southern Iraq),

second half of the fourth millennium BCE.

Question 4

Texts recording the rulers were initially.. and then..

Answer 4

religious and then military

Question 5

The authority of the kings was now based on
two sources

Answer 5

Divine favor and sucess at war

victory was the
confirmation of divine favor and legitimacy of the king.

Question 6

Earliest Historical war and who was thier god

who was the king of Lagash and what were the stele of vultures

Answer 6

Earliest documented war was : Border conflict between Lagash and Umma

Ningirsu for Lagash and Shara for Umma

The name of the king was Eannatum and he created th stele of vultures to celebrate his win over umm

Stele of ZVultures picutre explained:

You can see ont he right side the god ningirsu:

the stele of vultures describes Ningirsu capturing the soldiers of Umma with his net
and striking them with a mace. , The handle of the net is shaped like an eagle and two lions these are thr symbols of the god himself.

• on te other side we can see vulures carrying severed heads and limbs

Question 7

What contained the standard of ur and what is it?

Lower regiter, middle regiter and upper register of one side

Answer 7

it was lcoated in - The tombs of the “royal cemetery” of the city UR

• it contained two main sides one peace and one war

peace side
- ont he lower peoplemcaryyin goods for h eking
middle regiter is same as such cow and goata

upper is the royal banquet

Question 8

What were the two dynasties of powerwho founded them . and which one was foudned first?

who suceeded the king dynasty 1

who wantd to be honored as a god while the ywill still alive

Answer 8

Akkad was founded first then UR

Akkad and UR

Akkad was founded by SARGON, he had a standing army and chose akkad as the new capital, he also claimed the royal title the king fo the world

NARAM-Sin suceeded Sargon and brough tit to another level to BE HONORED AS A GOD WHILE HE WAS STILL alive, he wore a horned headgear

Question 9

What were some weapons of the third millennium?

Answer 9

• Spear to be the main weapon
• Maces were soon replaced swith daggers and axes
• Bow was important, specifically the self bow (one piece of wood)

Question 10

What did soldiers wear for defence

Early Mesopotamian war chariots what animal?

Answer 10

Sheilds and helmets

Donkey and mules or onager (wild ass), ather than horses
Their practical use in battle is debated.

Question 11

Armies of the Third Millennium were largely recutied by and they potienally received__

and who had a standing army

Answer 11

Armies of the Third Millennium were largely recutied by conscripts

nd they potienally received basic training

Sargon ruler of Akkad

Question 12

Periods of egyptian histroy

Answer 12

• Pre-Dynastic Period
• Early Dynastic Period
• Old Kingdom
• First Intermeidate Period
• Middle Kingston
• Second intermediate Period
• New Kingdom

Question 13

When did egypt became a unfiied country, what two aprts of it was egypt called and who united it and how did he unite it ?

and what do other schoalrs believe

what is the most common repersnation of the ruler for all egptian history?

What authority did the king have?

Answer 13

• Egpyt became a unified country at the turn of the fourth millneium BCE
• Unification of egypt uner king narmer after his victory over his enemies
  he wore the red crown for lower egypt and the white corwn for upper egypt
• Other scha0lars believe that the palette does not refer to any speicfiic event, but to the Egyptian concept of kingship in general
• The image of the king smiting enemies is the most common representation of the ruler for all Egyptian history, regardless of the intensity of the king’s military activity.

Question 14

A form of labor the Egyptians had to provide to the royal administration if requested.

Answer 14

• Military service was one of the forms of labor that the Egyptians had to provide to the royal administration if requested.

Question 15

What is the Middle Kingdom and what was the army made of?

Nubian mecenaries

Answer 15

• The so-called Middle Kingdom is a period of expansion and innovation in all fields
• There was for sure a standing army, However, conscription was also largely used to supplement professional soldiers.
• The army was made of infantry only, armed with spears, shieds, axes ans bws.
• Nubian Mercenaries were specialized archers and served in the Egyptian army in rather large number
• Weapons were usually made of copper, but the much stronger bronze became more common over time.

Question 16

what marked the seperation of upper egypt and Nubia

Answer 16

• The First Cataract, just south of Aswan in Egypt, marks the separation of upper Egypt and Nubia,

Question 17

One king who fought to remove the Hyksos
was___ and what was his sons names and why was it important

Answer 17

Sequenenre was the king who fought to remoe the Hyksos

his sons names were Ahmose and Kamose,

after they kicked out the hyksos that the period after the unification is calle dthe new kingdom

Question 18

Military Innovation and why was Hyksos successful

Answer 18

because of thier superior weapons:

• Bronze spearheads
  -Bronze swords
• Composite bow (better than self)
• War chariots invented by the hyksos

Question 19

Generic representation of the military prowess
of the king vs. representation of historical
events

Answer 19

Old/Middle Kingdom: there are few and
uncertain representations of actual events.
Most scenes are generic.
* New Kingdom: the first long and detailed
accounts of campaigns and battles appear
both in texts and images.

Question 20

Visual and literary representations of
battles are ___
what were their purpose

Answer 20

Visual and literary representations of
battles are not objective records of
events.
* They are based on historical events, but
their purpose is not historical accuracy.
* They were produced to convey a message
and present the king as victorious and
powerful ruler, like the older generic
scenes.

Question 21

The Battle of Qadesh

Answer 21

• Ramessess II was a king of egpyt in the new Kingdom, son of seti. He succeeded his father and continued his aggressive foregin policy
• Muwatalli was the King of the Hittie empire, at the time ruling over parts of Anatolia dn Nothern Syria either directly or through vassal states
• The surviving documents are almost all from the Egyptian side, but the Hittites must have also produced their own narratives.

Question 22

What caused the battle of wades

Answer 22

• The vassal king of amurru shifted allergince from the Hittei king to the pharaoah allowing exgypt to epand its area of influence
• The hitties decided to react and retake control of Amurru.
• The hittie forces reached Amurru and removed the disloyal ruler, knowing the Egyptians were marching towards them
• Ramesses lead his army to Amurru, in Egptian culture war again foreigners was not a clash of contedners who wer eon equal grounds, it was an act to restore cosmic order. Victory was cetain

The battle day 1:
- Muwatalli waited near the town of Qadash , on the Oronts River.
- Ramesses marched towards Qadesh with his army divided in four divions” each named after a god. Amun, re,ptah and seth. The king was with the first diivsom whike the other fllowed. The diivos were separated by a long distance
- The first divison arrived in the plain near Qadesh and set camp. The hittie army was behind the city
- As the second divison approached, the hittie chariots crossed and attacked the unprepared Egyptians who fled. Then the hitties attacked the camp of the king and the first diivson. Ramesses was able to rally his troops and repelled the attck
- An egytian detachment of young soliders (Ne’arin) warrvied at the right moment when more hittie tropps entered battle

Day 2:
- On the next day, the two armies moved in the plain and faced together\
- The confrontion was inconclsuviea dn probably neither of the two amries presed the attack
- A true was declared and Rmesses II returned to Egypt, leaving muwatalli in control of the land of Amurru

Question 23

What was the aftermath of the battle:

Answer 23

The aftermath of the battle:
- The battle re-established the status quo.
- Neither of the two contenders was interested in a long and large-scale war.
- Some years after the battle the Hittite empire, led by the new king Hattusili, and Egypt signed a permanent peace agreement
- For the Egyptians, it was a novelty, as they did not recognize any other power as legitimate. For the first time, another king and country were treated as equal.

Question 24

Clauses of the treaty

Answer 24

Clauses of the treaty:
- Mutual non-aggression
- Confirmation of previous treaties
- Defensive alliance against foreign aggression and internal revolt
- Egyptian support to the chosen successor of Hattusili
- Extradition of fugitives, both commoners and members of the elit

Question 25

Consolidation of peace and diploaomtic marriage

Answer 25

when Ramesses II took as wife a daughter of the Hittie king an gave her the title of Queen.

Question 26

Celebratory texts: The “Poem” and the “Bulletin”

Answer 26

• YThe battle was illustrated in at least five temples and must and must have been present in other temples built or renovated by Ramesses.
• Literary accounts are the so called “Poem of Qadesh” and the so called “Bulletin”. Both were carved on the walls of temples, where the battle was also illsutrcted by scultupred reliefs
• Poem of Qadesh: Heighten the tension, andShows the special connection between the king and the gods. Artistic Narrative: Often considered a more artistic and poetic description of the battle, this account is thought to have been composed to glorify Pharaoh Ramesses II’s heroism and valor. It is written in a narrative poetic form and provides a dramatized version of the events.
• Bulletin: The Hittites spread the false information that they have retreated further North and hide in ambush behind the city of Qadesh. Their plan is discovered when two enemy scouts are captured. * Ramesses summons his war council, and as they are speaking the hittes attack and defeat the second

Question 27

new kingdom egypt army

Answer 27

• he army was made of infantry and chariotry,

Orgnaization of the new Kingdom army: Infantry
- he main tactical unit of the infantry was a ”company” of 250 men, led by a standard-bearer assisted by three junior officers. They had distinctive name, allsuoe to divine protection

The organization of the new kingdom army: chariots
- the main chariot units were squarodnds of 50. They had distince names, a commanding officer junor officers and scribes
- Squadrons were divided into 5 groups of 10, each with a commanding officer.
- There were also numerous support personnel in charge of horses, stables, chariot maintenance and repair, armory and supplie

Question 28

The chain of command

Answer 28

The chain of command:
- The King was the commander in chief. The prince could serve n his father’s army
- The vizier, head of all state buerancy, had a prominent role in the war council, which also cnludened other senior officers and heralds. He could lead the army on behalf of the king
- The army units, from the divisions to the smaller units into which they were divided, had their commanding officers
- The army bureaucracy included many scribes,
- Trumpets were used to communicate orders