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MSK Exam 1 > 10: Neurulation And PNS Development > Flashcards

10: Neurulation And PNS Development Flashcards

1
Q

Two important regions of ectoderm

A

Neuroectoderm, surface ectoderm

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2
Q

Secondary neurulation

A

Formation of neural tube from the tail bud

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3
Q

Where does secondary neurulation occur

A

Caudal to somite 31

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4
Q

Where does primary neurulation end?

A

Closure of caudal neuropore at somite 31

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5
Q

Secondary neurulation 5 steps

A
  1. Tail bud condenses -> medullary cord
  2. Medullary cord cavitates -> forms a lumen
  3. Lumen of medullary cord merges with neural tube
  4. NCCs arise from roof of neural tube
  5. Formation of caudal somites around lateral tail bud
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6
Q

Where does neural tube closure begin?

A

Several locations around the AP axis, begins at cranial regions first and moves caudally

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7
Q

Neural tube defect

A

Failure at a closure site in the neural tube - caused by genetic, nutritional, and/or environmental factors

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8
Q

Anencephaly/meroencephaly

A

Brain tissue open to amnionic fluid

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9
Q

Encephalocele

A

Opening in neural tube, but is covered by skin (can have brain tissue in the opening)

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10
Q

Craniorachischisis

A

Large portion of brain and spinal cord exposed

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11
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

Skin has closed appropriately over the neural tube defect but will typically have a tuft of hair over it

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12
Q

Meningocele vs meningomyelocele

A

Meningocele: Protruding sac extending from sacral region due to absense of vertebral arch (no spinal cord involvement)
Meningomyelocele: spinal cord protrudes into meningocele sac

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13
Q

Myeloschisis

A

Failure of neural tube to fuse -> open spinal cord exposed -> lower extremities deformed and nonfunctional

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14
Q

What types of cells are NCCs

A

Neuroectodermal cells

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15
Q

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition

A

NCCs lose cams -> gain ability to migrate/become mesenchymal

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16
Q

When do NCCs migrate?

A

Before neural tube closes completely + once its all the way closed

17
Q

Nine important derivatives of NCCs

A
  1. Melanocytes
  2. Odontoblasts
  3. Schwann cells
  4. Spinal and autonomic ganglia
  5. Enteric NS
  6. Adrenal medulla
  7. Aorta
  8. Pharyngeal arches -> face and head
  9. Meninges
18
Q

Two cell types that help form the meninges

A

NCCs, mesenchyme

19
Q

Five examples of neurocristopathies

A
  1. Hirschsprung’s disease
  2. Piebaldism
  3. TCS
  4. Goldenhar syndrome
  5. Micrognathia
20
Q

Piebaldism

A

Melanocytes defect with characteristic pattern of non-pigmented skin

21
Q

What are both PNS and CNS derived from?

A

Neural tube

22
Q

Three components involved in PNS formation

A

NCCs, neuroectoderm, Ectodermal placodes

23
Q

When do dorsal and alar plates of the neural tube form?

A

End of 4th week

24
Q

Sulcus limitans

A

Line dividing neural tube into dorsal and ventral regions

25
Q

What does the sulcus limitans give rise to?

A

Range of cell types in the brain and spinal cord

26
Q

SHH gradient impact on neurons

A

Increased SHH -> motor neurons

Decreased SHH -> interneurons

27
Q

What does SHH activate? What does this cause formation of

A

Activates NKX2.2 + NKX6.1 -> ventral neuron formation

28
Q

BMP/TGF-B function

A

Counteract SHH -> dorsal neuron formation

29
Q

What two molecules are activated by BMP4?

A

PAX3 and PAX7

30
Q

What releases BMP4?

A

Roof plate

31
Q

What happens to the dorsal-most cells of the basal plate?

A

Become intermediolateral columns -> lateral horns

32
Q

Which type of neuron forms first typically, motor or sensory?

A

Motor first

33
Q

What area do axons exiting ventral horns pass through to form ventral roots?

A

Cranial sclerotome

34
Q

What axons join the ventral root?

A

Lateral horn axons

35
Q

when does the ANS start to develop?

A

Week 5

36
Q

What type of cells forms the preganglionic ANS cells/fibers? What cell type forms the ganglionic neuron and postganglionic fibers?

A

Preganglionic: neuroectoderm
Postganglionic: NCCs

37
Q

What do NCCs form in the sympathetic ANS?

A

trunk and collateral ganglia

38
Q

What do NCCs form in the parasymp ANS?

A

Head/neck ganglia and terminal ganglia in the trunk

MSK Exam 1 (25 decks)

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