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Biomedical Science 1071 SM2 > Module 2 Lecture 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

Module 2 Lecture 2 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the small intestine?

A

The small intestine is made up of the duodeum (25cm), the jejunum (2m) and the illeum (3m)

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2
Q

Why is the small intestine important?

A

The small intestine is important for digestive and absorptive functions (carbs, proteins and fats), also there are secretions and buffers provided by the pancreas and the gall bladder (live)

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3
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

begins at the pyloric sphincter (stomach/small intestine transition) and ends at the Illeocecal valve (small intestine/large transition)

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4
Q

Label the parts of the small intestine

A

–

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5
Q

What is the duodenum and what is its function?

A

the duodenum is a c-shaped tube, it is a mixing bowl - for chyme with bile and pancreatic secretions, it originates from the pyloric sphincter. The retroperitoneal apart from the most proximal part which is intraperitoneal

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6
Q

Label the pancreas

A

–

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7
Q

Where does bile and pancreatic juice enter?

A

Bile and pancreatic juice enters the duodenum via the major duodenal papilla

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8
Q

What is the jejunum?

A 
• Important digestive and absorptive
functions (carbohydrates, proteins, and
fat)
• Begins at the duodeno-jejunal flexure
(junction) and has no clear anatomical
boundary with ileum
• Intraperitoneal suspended by the
mesentery proper
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9
Q

What is the illeum?

A 
• Absorption of vitamin B12; salts and all
products of digestion that were not
absorbed by the jejunum
• Intraperitoneal suspended by the
mesentery proper
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10
Q

Where does the illeum end?

A

The illeum ends at a sphincter, the ileocecal valve, which controls the flow of materials from the ileum into the cecum of the large intestine

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11
Q

What are circular folds (plicae circulares)? and what do they do?

A

Plicae circulares increase surface area for absorption and to slow the passage of food, all parts of the small intestine contains plicae (circulares): circular folds of the intestinal lining

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12
Q

What are plicae?

A

Plicae are duplications of the mucous membrane, the transverse folds of the intestinal lining; increase intestinal surface area 3-fold

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13
Q

Where do plicae appear?

A

The appear in the duodenum and the jejunum prominently and becomes less common in aboral illeum

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14
Q

What are villi?

A

Villi are finger-like projections of the mucosa; increase intestinal surface area by 30- fold

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15
Q

What are micro-villi?

A

fingerlike structures on intestine cells; increase intestinal surface area 600-fold

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16
Q

Label all plicae and villi

A

–

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17
Q

Where is the large intestine located?

A

Lies around the edges of the abdominal cavity and is

supported by the mesocolon

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18
Q

What is the large intestine consisted of?

A

The large intestine is consisted of 4 colons (ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid)

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19
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes from the remaining digested material to solidify into feces, there is no villi present and it stores fecal matter until defecation.

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20
Q

Label the large intestine

A

–

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21
Q

What is the Caecum?

A

The caecum receives chyme from the ileum, mostly intraperitoneal

22
Q

What is the appendix?

A

The appendix contains lymph nodes and is intraperitoneal

23
Q

What is the descending column?

A

The descending column is retroperitoneal

24
Q

What is the sigmoid colon?

A

The sigmoid colon consists of the sigmoid mesocolon, it is intraperitoneal

25
Q

What is the rectum?

A

The rectum is a retroperitoneal muscular tube, it stores feces prior to defecation

26
Q

Label the colon

A
27
Q

What are the features of the colon?

A

The ileocecal valve, the appendix, the hasutra ( sacculations -roles) and tenia coli

28
Q

What is the anus consisted of?

A
  • Internal anal sphincter
  • Composed of a ring of smooth muscle
  • External anal sphincter
  • Composed of a ring of skeletal muscle
29
Q

What is Cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A 
The cholecystokinin (CCK) peptide hormone is secreted by the
duodenum and jejunum, in response to food in the alimentary tract.
The main stimulator for the secretion is the release of food - particularly
fatty food - from the stomach into the duodenum.
▪CCK triggers the release of bile, made and released in the liver but stores in the gallbladder --> breaks down fatty acids
30
Q

Label accessory digestive organs

A

–

31
Q

What is the liver?

A 
The largest visceral organ (1.5-2kg)
➢ It sits underneath the diaphragm
➢ Essential for survival
➢ It is covered by connective tissue capsule
and visceral peritoneum (NOT the bare
area)
32
Q

Label the liver

A

–

33
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

To remove and add compounds to the blood as it circulates through the
lobule

34
Q

What are the functions of the liver (secretion)?

A 
• secretes plasma proteins & bile
• bile (water, ions, bile salts)
• water & ions dilute & buffer the acids
in the chyme as it enters the SI
• aids in digestion of fats
35
Q

What are the hematological regulation functions of the liver?

A 
the largest blood reservoir (25% of
cardiac output)
• phagocytic cells remove cellular debris
and pathogens from circulation
• liver cells synthesise plasma protein
36
Q

What are the metabolic functions of the liver?

A 
blood from the GI tract enters the
liver via the hepatic portal system
• liver cells extract nutrients or toxins,
from the blood before it reaches
systemic circulation
• liver cells monitor and adjust the
levels of metabolites
• toxins and metabolic wastes are
removed for inactivation and
secretion
• absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A,
D, K, E)
37
Q

What are the blood supplies in the liver?

A

2 blood supplies: one venous and 1 arterial

38
Q

What are portal veins? label where they are!

A

Portal veins contributes 75% of the
blood volume of the liver (rich in
nutrients-poor in oxygen)

39
Q

What are hepatic arteries?

A

Hepatic artery contributes 25% of
blood volume entering the liver (rich
in oxygen-poor in nutrients)

40
Q

Does blood in the portal veins and the hepatic arteries mix?

A

Blood from the portal veins and the
hepatic artery mix as it enters and
passes through a liver lobule.

41
Q

After the blood mixes, where is it collected?

A

Then the blood is collected by the
hepatic central vein. The hepatic vein
carries 100% of the blood out of the
liver and into the inferior vena cava.

42
Q

Label the liver, anterior and posterior

A

–

43
Q

What does the falciform ligament do?

A

The falciform ligament is a peritoneal fold that secures the liver to the abdominal wall)

44
Q

Hepatic veins deliver?

A

Hepatic veins deliver oxygenated blood into the inferior vena cavaq

45
Q

Hepatic arteries deliver?

A

Hepatic arteries provide oxygenated blood to the liver

46
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A
  • spans between the liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach
  • contains the veins/arteries of the liver & stomach as well as the bile duct
  • can be viewed as the mesentery of the liver and stomach
47
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A 
Concentrates bile produced
by the liver and stores it
until it is needed for
digestion (40-60 milliliters)
provides nerve supply
Parasympathetic: contracts
of gall bladder
• Sympathetic: relaxes gall
bladder
48
Q

What does the cystic duct do?

A

The cystic duct connects the
gallbladder to the common
bile duct - to secrete bile into the duodenum

49
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Head: Curve of the duodenum
Tail: extends to the spleen
▪Retroperitoneal organ

50
Q

What are the functions of the pancreas?

A

Endocrine: Production of insulin and glucagon,
which regulate blood glucose levels and are
secreted into the blood stream
Exocrine: Production of pancreatic juice
(enzymes), secreted in the duodenum; lipases
(lipid digestion); amylases (starch digestion);
proteases (protein digestion)

51
Q

Label the pancreas!

A

–

52
Q

What does the main pancreatic duct deliver?

A 
The main pancreatic duct delivers
pancreatic juice, which drains into the
duodenum.
• Parasympathetic (vagus nerve) activity
stimulates pancreatic juice secretion.
• Sympathetic activity inhibits pancreatic
juice secretion.

Biomedical Science 1071 SM2 (14 decks)

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