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Biomedical Science 1071 SM2 > Module 2 Lecture 2 Part 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Lecture 2 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in the process of digestions?

A 
Digestion breaks down ingested food
into chemical building blocks
(monomers) which are now small
enough to be absorbed across the
small intestine wall
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2
Q

What does the mechanism of digestion involve? (LABEL)

A 
Mechanism of digestion involves
enzymatic breakdown
Mechanisms of absorption involve
materials passing through
enterocytes (via passive or active
transport)
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3
Q

What do humans use for growth, maintenance and repair?

A

humans use food for growth, maintenance and repair,

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4
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

nutrients which are requires in large amounts i.e. carbs, proteins and lipids

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5
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

vitamins and minerals, nutrients that your body requires in small amounts

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6
Q

How is energy measured?

A

Energy is measured in kilojoules, kJ

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7
Q

Energy measured for nutrients (INFO)

A

Carbohydrates (excl. unavailable carbohydrates) = 17 kJ per gram
Proteins = 17 kJ per gram
Lipids = 37 kJ per gram
Alcohol = 29 kJ per gram

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8
Q

What do carbs account for?

A 
Carbohydrates account for 45-50%
of our total energy intake. Sugars: monosaccharides
(glucose, fructose,
galactose) & disaccharides
(sucrose, lactose, maltose)
– Polysaccharides (starch,
non-starch)
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9
Q

What does amylase act on?

A

Amylase acts on polysaccharies and disaccharides

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10
Q

What is the amylase source?

A

Amylase source include salivary glands and exocrine pancreas

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11
Q

What is the site of action of amylase?

A

mouth stomach –> small intestine lumen

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12
Q

What do disaccharides act on?

A 
Disaccharidases
act on
disaccharides
(maltase,
sucrase, lactase)
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13
Q

Source of disaccharides

A

small intestine cells

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14
Q

Site of action for dissacharides?

A 
Small
intestine
apical
brush
border
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15
Q

What must occur in polysaccharides?

A 
Polysaccharides must
be digested into
monosaccharides
before they can be
absorbed
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16
Q

Steps?

A 
1) Amylase digests polysaccharides
into disaccharides
2) Disaccharidases digest disaccharides
into monosaccharides
3) Monosaccharides are transported
across the apical brush border
membrane (secondary active
transport or facilitated diffusion)
4) Monosaccharides exit across
basolateral membrane (facilitated
diffusion) & enter capillary via
intercellular pores
17
Q

What about carbs makes it different?

A 
Indigestible
carbohydrates
(fibre) cannot
be absorbed but
help to move
food along the
GI tract & feed
bacteria in our
large intestine
18
Q

What do proteins account for?

A 
Proteins account for 15-20% of our
total energy intake
– Dietary proteins
– Enzyme proteins secreted
into GI tract
– Sloughed & disintegrated
intestinal cells
19
Q

What acts on proteins?

A

Pepsin acts on proteins from stomach

20
Q

What acts on protein fragements

A

Pancreatic proteases act on protein fragments from the exocrine pancreas in the small intestine lumen

21
Q

What acts on also acts on protein fragements?

A

Aminopeptidases
act on protein
fragments from the small intestine cells, in the small intestine apical brush border

22
Q

What must happen to proteins?

A 
Proteins must be
digested into small
peptides or amino
acids before they can
be absorbed
23
Q

Protein digestion and absorption process?

A

1) Pancreatic proteases digest proteins and protein
fragments into smaller peptides and amino acids
2) Aminopeptidases digest protein fragments into
amino acids
3) Amino acids are transported across the apical
brush border membrane (secondary active
transport)
4) Amino acids exit across basolateral membrane
(facilitated diffusion) & enter capillary via
intercellular pores

24
Q

What does fat digestion account for?

A 
Fats account for ~30% of our total
energy intake
– Triglycerides
– Sterols
– Short-chain fatty acids
25
Q

What acts of large fat globules

A 
Bile salts (not an
enzyme) emulsify
large fat globules from the liver in the small intestine lumen
26
Q

What acts on triglycerides?

A

Lipase acts on

triglycerides from the exocrine pancreas and in the small intestine lumen

27
Q

What occurs in emulsification?

A

n. Bile salts break down large fat globules into smaller fat

droplets, increasing surface area for lipase enzymes

28
Q

What occurs in digestion?

A

Pancreatic lipases break down triglycerides into monoglycerides
and free fatty acids

29
Q

What occurs in micelle formation?

A

Free fatty acids and monoglycerides join bile salts

forming micelles

30
Q

What occurs in diffusion

A

Fatty acids and monoglycerides transported from micelles into
small intestine cells (diffusion)

31
Q

What occurs in chylomicron formation?

A

Fatty acids and monoglycerides packaged back into

triglycerides and incorporated into a lipid transporter called chylomicron

32
Q

What occurs in chylomicron transport?

A

Chylomicrons exit across basolateral membrane

(exocytosis) and enter lacteals (lymph) and empty into venous blood

33
Q

What are vitamins and where are they absorbed?

A

Absorbed in small intestine
– Large intestine absorbs some B vitamins & vitamin K produced by gut bacteria
– Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) dissolve in dietary fat & become incorporated
into micelles
– Water soluble vitamins (B’s & C) absorbed via active or passive transporters
(except B12 with a more complex process)

34
Q

What are minerals and how are they absorbed?

A

– Absorbed actively along small intestine, although iron & calcium mainly
absorbed in duodenum & amount absorbed depends on needs

35
Q

how is water absorbed?

A

Major component of chyme & 95% absorbed by osmosis in small intestine.
Remaining amount absorbed in large intestine & ~100 ml/day softens faeces

Biomedical Science 1071 SM2 (14 decks)

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