9.2 Flashcards
(23 cards)
What is germ theory?
The idea that certain microbes cause specific infectious diseases.
Who was Louis Pasteur?
A French chemist who showed tiny germs caused disease
Who was Robert Koch?
A German doctor who identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis.
Who was Florence Nightingale?
An army nurse in the Crimean War who introduced sanitary measures in British hospitals and founded the world’s first school of nursing.
Who was Joseph Lister?
An English surgeon who discovered how antiseptics prevent infection.
What is urban renewal?
The process of fixing up the poor areas of a city.
What is a mutual-aid society?
A self-help group formed to aid sick or injured workers.
What is the standard of living?
A measure of the quality and comforts in a society.
How did the Industrial Revolution change life in the cities?
Cities grew as rural people moved to urban areas and populations increased due to medical advances.
Why did population soar in Europe and America between 1800 and 1900?
The death rate fell because of improved nutrition and significant advances in medicine.
What did Louis Pasteur prove in 1870?
Germ theory — that microbes cause specific illnesses.
What happened as people improved their hygiene?
The rate of disease decreased.
How did hospital care improve during the 1800s and early 1900s?
Anesthesia was first used in the 1840s; Florence Nightingale and Joseph Lister introduced sanitation and reduced deaths from infection.
What major changes did cities experience during industrialization?
Urban renewal projects, changes in settlement patterns, and improved safety with electric streetlights and organized police forces.
What two inventions made cities healthier and taller?
Sewers (healthier) and steel skyscrapers (taller).
What continued problems existed in cities despite improvements?
Poor people still lived in bad conditions in slums.
Why were cities attractive during the Industrial Revolution?
The excitement, promise of work, and entertainment.
How did workers try to improve their living conditions?
They formed mutual-aid societies, union membership grew, and they used strikes to demand wage increases.
How did governments respond to worker demands?
They passed laws regulating working conditions and banning child labor.
How did the standard of living rise among workers?
People had more time for leisure activities like going to the movies, ate better, dressed in mass-produced clothing, and some moved to the suburbs.
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
- Increased agricultural productivity
- Growing population
- New sources of energy (steam and coal)
- Growing demand for mass-produced goods
- Improved technology
- Available natural resources, labor, and money
- Strong, stable governments
What were the immediate effects of the Industrial Revolution?
- Rise of factories
- Changes in transportation and communication
- Urbanization
- New methods of production
- Rise of urban working class
- Growth of reform movements
What were the long-term effects of the Industrial Revolution?
- Growth of labor unions
- Inexpensive new products
- Increased pollution
- Rise of big business
- Expansion of public education
- Expansion of middle class
- Competition for world trade
- Progress in medical care
