chapter 4

Question 1

collection of symbols governed by rules and used to convey messages between people

Answer 1

language

Question 2

formally recognized definitions of a term

Answer 2

denotative meanings

Question 3

involves thought and feelings associated with words

Answer 3

connotative meaning

Question 4

govern how words are pronounced

Answer 4

phonological

Question 5

govern the structure of language

Answer 5

syntactic

Question 6

guidelines about the meaning of specific words

Answer 6

semantic

Question 7

govern how people use and understand language in everyday communication

Answer 7

pragmatic

Question 8

involves pronunciation perceived as different from the local speech style

Answer 8

accent

Question 9

a version of the same language

Answer 9

dialect

Question 10

demonstrates connection between two people

Answer 10

affiliative language

Question 11

sharing specialized cheers, greetings, rituals

Answer 11

convergence

Question 12

communicators who want to set themselves apart from others may adopt the strategy

Answer 12

divergence

Question 13

more than one definition

Answer 13

equivocal words

Question 14

vaque statement

Answer 14

equivocation

Question 15

gain meaning by comparison

Answer 15

relative words

Question 16

functions as a shorthand

Answer 16

jargon

Question 17

language used by people of a group who belong to the same coculture

Answer 17

slang

Question 18

more pleasant term: restroom not toilet

Answer 18

euphemism

Question 19

conclusions arrived at from an interpretation of evidence

Answer 19

inferential statements

Question 20

words that sound as if they’re describing something when they’re really announcing the speaker’s attitude

Answer 20

emotive language

Question 21

attacking a person’s character rather than debating the issues at hand

Answer 21

fallacy of ad hominem