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BDS2 BAMS > Antibiotics mode of action > Flashcards

Antibiotics mode of action Flashcards

1
Q

What are physical controls of microbial growth? (2 points)

A
  • Heat sterilization

- Radiation sterilisation

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2
Q

What are chemical controls of microbial growth? (3 points)

A
  • Antiseptics (biological) and disinfectant (inanimate)
  • Natural antimicrobials
  • Synthetic antimicrobials
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3
Q

What are common examples of transmitted pathogens? (8 points)

A
  • HIV
  • Herpes simplex virus types 1 & 2
  • HBV
  • Streptococci
  • Staphylococci
  • Myobacterium tuberculosis
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Some upper respiratory tract viruses
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4
Q

What are common forms of infection control? (4 points)

A
  • Disinfecrtion of non-sterilisable surface and equipment
  • Heat sterilization of all compatible equipment
  • Handwashing techniques + appropriate antiseptics
  • Combined with appropriate barrier techniques: masks, gloves and eye protection
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5
Q

What are disinfectants?

A

Strong chemical agents that inhibit or kill microorganisms

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6
Q

What are antiseptics?

A

Disinfecting agents with sufficiently low toxicity for host cells -> can be used directly on skin, mucous membranes, or wounds

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7
Q

What are sterilants?

A
  • Kill both vegetative cells and spores when applied to materials for appropriate times and temperatures
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8
Q

What are antiseptics?

A

Disinfecting agents with sufficiently low toxicity for host cells

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9
Q

Where are antiseptics used? (3 points)

A
  • Skin, mucous membranes or wounds
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10
Q

What is antisepsis?

A
  • Use of chemical to destroy most pathogenic organisms on animate surfaces
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11
Q

What is antiseptic used for? (5 points)

A
  • Treatment of skin infections
  • Prevention of infections in cuts and wounds
  • Cleaning the skin area of surgery from microorganisms
  • Prophylaxis and treatment of infection sin mucosal areas such as mouth, nose and vagina that are open to the environment
  • As a scrub for surgeons and the medical personnel
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12
Q

What are the 3 classifications of antiseptics?

A
  • Those that denature proteins (cidal)
  • Those that cause osmotic disruption of the cell (cidal)
  • Those that interface with specific metabolic processes (growth arrest/static)
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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action of phenols, iodine, al cohols, aldehydes and mettalic compounds?

A
  • Denature proteins and DNA bases
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14
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cationic detergents?

A

Interfere with plasma membrane’s permeability and cause leakage of enzyme, coenzyme and metabolites

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of oxidizing compounds?

A
  • Oxidize functional molecules in the microorganisms
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16
Q

What are iodophores used for?

A

Used either as an antiseptic or disinfectant

17
Q

What do iodophores do?

A

Kill vegetative bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, lipid containing viruses (spores on prolonged use)

18
Q

What are 2 examples of alcohols that are effective antiseptic and disinfectant agents?

A
  • Ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol
19
Q

When alcohols are applied to the skin, by what % are bacterial numbers reduced?

A

90%

20
Q

What do alcohols do? (2 points)

A
  • Rapidly kill vegetative bacteria, fungi, and inactive lipophilic viruses
  • Denature proteins and disturb the membrane permeability of bacteria
21
Q

What is water soluble chlorohexidine digluconate used as?

A

An antiseptic

22
Q

How does chlorohexidine work?

A
  • Strongly absorbs to bacterial membranes and causes leakage of small molecules and precipitation of cytoplasmic proteins
23
Q

What is the most common oxidising compounds that have been used as antiseptics?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

24
Q

What type of bacteria are oxidising agents effective against?

A
  • Vegetative bacteria, higher concentrations are sporicidal
25
Q

What can oxidising agents be used to disinfect? (5 points)

A
  • Respirators
  • Acrylic resin implants
  • Plastic eating utensils
  • Soft contact lenses
  • Cartons of milk or juice
26
Q

What % concentration oxidizing agents are sporicidal?

A
  • 10-25%
27
Q

Why is there a health warning with antiseptic, disinfectant and sterilant users? (3 points)

A
  • Short-term and long-term toxicity
  • General biocidal activity
  • Accumulate in the environment OR in the patient’s/caregiver’s body
28
Q

What are naturally occurring antimicrobials?

A
  • Metabolic products of bacteria and fungi
29
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

A chemcical substance produced by one organism that is destructive to another

30
Q

What are 2 categories of antibiotics?

A
  • Bacteriostatic

- Bacteriocidal

31
Q

What are the cellular targets of antibiotics? (4 points)

A
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleic acid
  • Protein synthesis
32
Q

What are the ideal properties of an antimicrobial agent? (8 points)

A
  • Selective toxicity against microbial target
  • Minimal toxicity to the host
  • Cidal activity (kills micro-organisms)
  • Long plasma half-life
  • Good tissue distribution
  • Low binding to plasma proteins
  • Oral and parenteral preparation
  • No adverse interaction with other drugs
33
Q

What are the 4 main targets of antimicrobials on a cell?

A
  • Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  • Inhibition of protein synthesis
  • Inhibition of nucleic acid rep lication and transcription
  • Injury to plasma membrane
34
Q

What are 2 examples of inhibitors of cell wall synthesis?

A
  • Beta-lactams

- Glycopeptides

35
Q

What is the key concept you need to know for penicillin strictures?

A
  • There are different ones

- There is the basic building block of penicillin and this produces modified antibiotics by adding synthetic side chains

36
Q

What are 2 examples of nucleic acid synthesis precursors?

A
  • Sulphonamides

- Trimethoprim

37
Q

What is an example of an inhibitor of DNA replication?

A
  • Quinolones
38
Q

What is an example of an inhibitor of RNA polymerase?

A
  • Rifamycins
39
Q

Misuse of antibiotics selects for resistance mutants. What does misuse include? (5 points)

A
  • Using outdated or weakened antibiotics
  • Using antibiotics for the common cols and other inappropriate conditions
  • Using antibiotics in animal feed
  • Failing to complete the prescribed regimen
  • Using someone else’s leftover prescription

BDS2 BAMS (57 decks)

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