Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BDS2 BAMS > Bone and cartilage > Flashcards

Bone and cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

The cortical, compact bone is the dense outer plate. What percentage of the skeleton is made up of this bone?

A
  • 80-85% of skeleton
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The cancellous, spongy bone is the internal trabecular scaffolding. What percentage of the skeleton is made from this?

A
  • 15-20%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In alveolar bone, what does the cortical bone have?

A
  • Nutrient canals, containing blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the cortical bone lining the tooth sockets penetrated by and what is the bone also called?

A
  • Bundles of collagen fibres of PDL (Sharpey’s fibres)

- Also called ‘bundle’ bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the composition of bone (by weight)

A
  • 60% inorganic
  • 15% water
  • 25% organic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bone is composed of 60% inorganic material. What is this ?

A
  • Hydroxyapatite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bone is composed of 25% organic material. What makes up this? (3 points)

A
  • Collagen (90%)
  • Glycoproteins
  • Proteoglycans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What 4 different glycoproteins make up the 25% organic part of bone composition?

A
  • Osteocalcin
  • Osteonectin
  • Osteopontin
  • Sialoproteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The ECM of bone is composed of ‘ground substance’ what is this?

A
  • A semi-fluid gel

- Has long polysaccharide molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The ground substance of the ECM of bone contains Glycos-amino-glycans (GAG’s). What are 4 main ones and what are they recognised as targets of?

A
  • Chondroitin sulphate
  • Dermatan sulphate
  • Heparan sulphate
  • Keratan sulphate
  • Some of these are recognised as targets of pathgens that resorb bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The ECM of bone contains fibres that reinforce the extracellular ground substance. What are 3 examples of these?

A
  • Collagen
  • Elastin
  • Other non-collagenous proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 2 types of bone on a microscopic level?

A
  • Woven bone

- Lamellar bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is woven bone laid down rapidly or slowly?

A
  • Rapidly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is lamellar bone laid down slowly or rapidly?

A
  • Laid down more slowly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the deposition of collagen like in woven bone?

A
  • Irregular deposition of collagen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the deposition of collagen like in lamellar bone?

A
  • Collagen fibres laid down in parallel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which type of bone is present in fetus?

A
  • Woven bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The presence of which type of bone suggests the presence of a fracture?

A
  • Woven bone

- For fracture repair (callus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which type of cells are found in a high number in woven bone?

A
  • Osteocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which type of bone is the normal form of bone in adults?

A
  • Lamellar bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which type of cells are there few of in lamellar bone?

A
  • Osteocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the structure of compact bone? (5 points)

A
  • Laid down in concentric lamellae (lamellar bone)
  • Form longitudinal columns
  • Organised in HAversian systems around central (Haversian) canal
  • Lateral (Volkman’s) canals
  • Canals contain blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In compact bone, the bone is laid down in concentric lamellae. What is another name for this bone?

A
  • Lamellar bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What kind of columns are formed in compact bone?

A
  • Longitudonal columns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the name of the central canals found in compact bo ne?

A
  • Haversian canals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the name of the lateral canals found in compact bone?

A
  • Volkman’s canals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What do the canals in compact bone contain?

A
  • Blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cancellous bone is a network of thin trabeculae with loads of space. What do the trabeculae consist of?

A
  • Lamellae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Are osteocytes present in cancellous bone?

A
  • Yes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Is the Haversian system present in cancellous bone?

A
  • No obviuos Haversian system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In cancellous bone, the bone is thin. What does this allow to diffuse in?

A
  • Nutrients
32
Q

What is present in the spaces between trabeculae in cancellous bone?

A
  • Bone marrow
33
Q

Where do osteoblasts lie?

A
  • On the surface of bone
34
Q

Which kind of stem cells are osteoblasts derived from?

A
  • Mesenchymal stem cells
35
Q

Osteoblasts will synthesise and secrete collagen fibres forming a matrix that will mineralise into bone. What is the matrix mineralised by?

A
  • Calcium salts
36
Q

What are osteocytes?

A
  • Osteoblasts that become trapped in mineralised bone
37
Q

Where do osteocytes lie in bone?

A
  • Lie within spaces - lacunae
38
Q

How do osteocytes contact other osteocytes?

A
  • Via cytoplasmic processes that run in canaliculi
39
Q

What other cells do osteocytes appear to communicate with?

A
  • Osteoblasts
40
Q

Canaliculi radiate in one direction. What direction is this?

A
  • Radiate towards nutrients that are coming from the PDL
41
Q

Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells. Where are they derived from?

A
  • Derived from haemaopoietic stem cells
42
Q

Which type of defence cell are osteoclasts related to?

A
  • Macrophages
43
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A
  • They resorb bone (acid phosphatases)
44
Q

Where do osteoclasts lie?

A
  • In concavities in bone: Howship’s lacunae
45
Q

Where is our main storage of calcium?

A
  • In our bones

- 2.4 millimolar concentration of calcium is maintained and stored in our bones

46
Q

What is bone remodelling?

A
  • The removal and replacement of bone tissue, without change in the overall shape
47
Q

In bone remodelling what is resorption balanced by?

A
  • Balanced by deposition (apposition)
48
Q

Each year, how much of the cortical bone and cancellous bone is replaced by the process of bone remodelling?

A
  • Cortical bone = around 2%

- Cancellous bone = a round 25%

49
Q

Which cells is the process of bone remodelling controlled by?

A
  • Controlled by osteoblasts
50
Q

What is the process of bone remodelling regulated by? (2 points)

A
  • Hormones (PTH and calcitonin)

- Paracrine’s (various cytokines)

51
Q

What is the reversal line In bone remodelling?

A
  • Scalloped edge that shows where bone resorption changes to bone deposition
52
Q

Tooth movements require remodelling of adjacent soft and hard tissues. When do these movements occur? (3 points)

A
  • During eruption
  • Post-eruptive (e.g. mesial drift)
  • Orthodontic forces
53
Q

What is cartilage?

A
  • A semi-rigid, unmineralised connective tissue
54
Q

The matric of cartilage is similar to bone. What is it composed of? (2 points)

A
  • Ground substance

- Fibres

55
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found? (6 points)

A
  • Widespread
  • Larynx, nasal septum, trachea, ends of ribs (costal cartilages), articular surfaces, embryonic skeleton (precursor to bone)
56
Q

Where can fibrocartilage be found? (2 points)

A
  • Intervertebral disks

- Pubic symphysis

57
Q

Where can elastic cartilage be found? (3 points)

A
  • External ear
  • Epiglottis
  • Eustacian tube
58
Q

What type of cells forms cartilage?

A
  • Chondroblasts
59
Q

When chondroblasts are trapped in the matrix what do they become?

A
  • Chondrocytes
60
Q

Is cartilage vascular?

A
  • No, it has no blood vessels so if you cut into a tissue and there is no bleeding then it is probably cartilage
61
Q

What has to diffuse into cartilage as there are no blood vessels?

A
  • Nutrients
62
Q

What can be present in thick areas of cartilage?

A
  • Some channels
63
Q

What do chondrocytes contain as a storage of energy?

A
  • Stores of lipid and glycogen
64
Q

What does ossification mean?

A
  • Formation of or conversion into bone or a bony substance
65
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A
  • Ossification that occurs in and replaces cartilage
66
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A
  • Ossification of bone that occurs in and replaces connective tissue
67
Q

In what type of bone does endochondral ossification occur?

A
  • ‘long’ bones
68
Q

What is the process of endochondral ossification? (3 points)

A
  • Cartilage precursor
  • Cartilage proliferation
  • Cartilage replaced with bone
69
Q

In which type of bone does intramembranous ossification occur?

A
  • ‘flat’ bones

- No cartilage precursor

70
Q

Where in the bone does cartilage proliferation and growth occur?

A
  • At the epiphysis
71
Q

During endochondral ossification what happens at the hypertrophic zone?

A
  • Cells become enlarged
72
Q

During endochondral ossification what happens at the proliferative zone?

A
  • Mitosis of cells here
73
Q

What is the Spheno-occipital synchondriosis?

A
  • The cartilaginous junction between the basisphenoid and basiooccipital bones of the mammalian skull that in humans is usually closed by the age of 25
74
Q

What is achondroplasia?

A
  • A genetic defect of cartilage growth
  • Endochondral bone growth is impaired
  • Intramembranous bone growth is unaffected
75
Q

Which processes in the mandible have an important role in terms of bone remodelling in out lives and what are they important for? (3 points)

A
  • Angular process
  • Coronoid process
  • Important for the insertion of muscles
76
Q

What does an edentulous jaw lead to?

A
  • The resorption of the alveolar process

BDS2 BAMS (57 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions