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BDS2 BAMS > Renal 3 rod > Flashcards

Renal 3 rod Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 examples of urinary tract diseases?

A
  • Urinary tract infection
  • Urinary tract obstruction (renal stones, tumours, prostatic hypertrophy)
  • Urinary tract malignancy
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2
Q

Which gender is more prone to UTI’s?

A

Females

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3
Q

Which microorganisms usually causes UTI’s?

A

E.coli (85%)

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4
Q

If a patient is immunosuppressed organisms other than E.coli can cause UTI’s. Give examples of these? (4 points)

A
  • Staph, fungi, virus and TB possible
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5
Q

Urine is bacteriostatic to peritoneal organisms, what does bacteriostatic mean ?

A
  • A substance that prevents the multiplying of bacteria without destroying them
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6
Q

What is cystitis?

A
  • Bladder inflammation
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7
Q

What are 2 predisposing factors of a UTI?

A
  • Poor bladder emptying

- Low urinary flow rates

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8
Q

Is urine usually sterile?

A

Yes, detecting ANY bacteria implies infection (30% may be asymptomatic)

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9
Q

Is contamination of urine through the skin possible?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What are examples of things that are indicative of a urine infection? (2 points)

A
  • White cells in urine

- Blood in urine (microscopy only)

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11
Q

What is the ideal way to collect a urine sample?

A

Collect MID-stream urine sample (MSSU)

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12
Q

What is supra-pubic urine sampling?

A
  • Can put catheter in through the tummy instead if the urethra
  • If going to be in for any length of time then less likely to get infection
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13
Q

If urine is infected, what can this cause? (3 points)

A
  • Cystitis (can spread upwards to kidney)
  • Renal infection
  • Prostate infection
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14
Q

Urethritis can occur in isolation. What microorganism can cause this?

A

Gonococcal

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15
Q

What is the process of normal peeing? (2 points)

A
  • Full bladder

- Empty bladder

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16
Q

What is the process or urine reflux?

A

When contract bladder the pressure also forces urine back up to the kidney

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17
Q

What are common symptoms of a UTI? (5 points)

A
  • Dysuria
  • Urinary frequency
  • Cloudy urine
  • Offensive smelling urine
  • Supra-pubic pain
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18
Q

What is dysuria?

A

Pain on passing urine

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19
Q

What causes cloudy urine?

A

If have cells and protein in it

20
Q

How could you diagnose a UTI? (2 points)

A
  • MSSU only (less contamination)

- Microscopy, culture and sensitivity

21
Q

How can you treat a UTI? (3 points)

A
  • Increase fluid intake
  • Frequent micturition
  • Occasional antibiotics required
22
Q

What is micturition?

A

The action of urinating

23
Q

What are 2 examples of antibiotics that can be used to treat UTI’s?

A
  • Trimethoprim

- Amoxycillin

24
Q

What are 4 examples of things that can cause a urinary tract obstruction?

A
  • Renal calculi (stones)
  • Prostatic disease (hypertrophy, malignancy)
  • Urinary tract strictures
  • External compression
25
Q

What are 3 examples of prostate disease? (3 points)

A
  • Prostatitis
  • Benign prostatic hypertrophy
  • Prostate cancer
26
Q

What is prostatitis?

A

Inflammation of the prostate

  • sudden narrowing of the urinary passage
27
Q

What is benign prostatic hypertrophy?

A

Hyperplasia of the prostate

28
Q

How long does it take for prostatitis to occur?

A

Can take hours or days

29
Q

How long does it take for benign prostatic hypertrophy to occur?

A
  • Usually comes over years
30
Q

Is benign prostatic hypertrophy linked to prostatic cancer?

A
  • No
31
Q

What type of tumour is prostatic cancer?

A

An adenocarcinoma

32
Q

How common is benign prostatic hypertrophy?

A
  • Pretty common
  • 80% of men over age of 80 have it
  • 100% of men will get it if they live long enough
33
Q

What are common signs of a urinary outflow obstruction? (6 points)

A
  • Slow stream
  • Hesitancy
  • Frequency
  • Urgency
  • Nocturia
  • Incomplete voiding
34
Q

What is nocturia?

A

Peeing during the night - often

35
Q

What are the treatment options for benign prostatic hypertrophy? (2 points)

A

Initially drug based:

  • alpha-blocking drugs

Surgery - prostatectomy

  • TURP = transurethral prostatectomy
  • Open prostatectomy
36
Q

At what age do people tend to start developing prostatic malignancies?

A

After age 45

37
Q

What % of men have symptomatic prostatic malignancy?

A

10% of men

38
Q

What is PSA useful for?

A

Monitoring activity in those known to have the disease (prostatic malignancy)

39
Q

Why is the PSA test not always a diagnostic test for prostatic malignancies?

A
  • Can often be normal when do have cancer and can be high when you don’t
40
Q

What are the treatment options for prostatic malignancy? (3 points)

A

Surgery - radical prostatectomy

Radiotherapy

Hormone treatment:

  • Anti-androgens & LHRH analogues
  • Block hormone-dependent tumour growth
41
Q

Prostatic malignancy can cause widespread bone metastasis. What is this?

A

Cancer that starts in one area and then spreads to a bone

42
Q

Prostatic malignancy can cause osteosclerosis. What is this?

A

Abnormal hardening of bone

43
Q

What percentage of the population develop renal calculi?

A

5%

  • in the liver or bladder
44
Q

Are renal calculi painful?

A

Yes, EXTREMELY

45
Q

What are the 2 different types of renal calculi?

A
  • Calcium and oxalate (radiopaque)

- Uric acid (not radiopaque)

46
Q

You would treat renal calculi with LITHOTRYPSY. What is this?

A

A treatment, typically using ultrasound shock waves, by which a kidney stone can be broken down into small particles that can be passed out by the body

BDS2 BAMS (57 decks)

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