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BRS > MSK 1: Bones and Connective Tissue > Flashcards

MSK 1: Bones and Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

The musculoskeletal system is made up of…

A

Bone
Muscle
Connective tissue

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2
Q

How many bones are in an adult?

A

206

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3
Q

How many bones are in children?

A

270

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4
Q

The skeleton can be divided into which two parts?

A

Axial and appendicular

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5
Q

What are the five funtions of the skeletal system?

A 
Movement
Support 
Protection of vital organs
Calcium storage
Haematopoesis
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6
Q

Bone can be classified by ,,,,,,

A

Shape

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7
Q

Name six examples of bones.

A 
Long bone
Short bone
Sutured bone
Flat bone
Irregular bone
Seasmoid bone
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8
Q

What is the name of a bone stem cell? Where are they found?

A

Osteogenic cell

Deep layers of periosteum

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9
Q

What is an osteoblast? What is it’s function? Where are they found?

A

‘Bone forming’ cell that secretes osteoid and catalyses it’s mineralisation.
Found in growing bone.

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10
Q

What is an osteoclast? What is it’s function? Where are they found?

A

‘Bone breaking’ cell that dissolves and resorbs bone by phagocytosis
Found on the bone surface and at sites of damage.

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11
Q

Which cells are derived from bone marrow?

A

Osteoclasts

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12
Q

What is an osteocyte? What is it’s function? Where are they found?

A

A ‘mature’ bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in its own secretions. They sense mechanical strain to direct osteoclast and blast activity.
Found in matrix.

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13
Q

What percentage of bone matrix is organic and inorganic?

A

40% organic and 60% inorganic

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14
Q

Which two substances form the inorganic component of bone matrix?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite and osteocalcium phosphate.

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15
Q

Which substance make up the organic component?

A

Type 1 collagen and ground substance.

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16
Q

What three substances are ground substance?

A

Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins
Cytokines and growth factors

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of immature bone?

A

Woven and relatively weak.

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of mature bone?

A

Mineralised woven bone with a lamellar structure, relatively strong.

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19
Q

What are the two types of mature bone?

A

Cortical and cancellous.

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20
Q

What is the difference between cortical and cancellous bone?

A

Cortical is compact and dense whilst cancellous is spongey with a honeycomb structure, and not suitable for weightbearing.

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21
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Repeated structural unit in bone, with concentric lamellae around a central haversian canal.

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22
Q

What does a haversian canal contain?

A

Blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.

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23
Q

What is a lacunae?

A

Small spaces containing osteocytes, with tiny canaliculi radiating from them, filled with extracellular fluid.

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24
Q

What is the name of transverse perforating canals in bone structure?

A

Volkmans canal

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25
Q

Label (A)

A

Cortical, cancellous, trabeculae, mineralised matrix. osteon.

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26
Q

Label (B)

A

Articular cartilage, proximal epiphysis, spongey bone, epiphyseal line, metaphysis, diaphysis, compact bone, medullary cavity, yellow marrow, periosteum, nutrient artery.

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27
Q

What kind of bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat bones of skull, clavicle and mandible.

28
Q

What is the starting substance for intramembranous ossification?

A

Fibrous membranes

29
Q

What is the process of intramembranous ossification?

A
  • Condensation of mesenchymal cells which differentiates into osteoblasts forming ossification centre.
  • Secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts to become osteocytes
  • Trabecular matrix and periosteum form
  • Compact bone develops superficial to cancellous bone. Crowded blood vessels condense into red bone marrow.
30
Q

What kind of bones are formed by endochondral ossification?

A

Long bones

31
Q

What is the starting substance for endochondral ossification?

A

Hyaline cartilage

32
Q

What is the process of endochondral ossification?

A
  • Bone collar formation
  • Cavitation
  • Periosteal bud invasion
  • Diaphysis elongation
  • Epiphyseal ossification
33
Q

Which takes longer; endochondral or intremembranous ossification?

A

Endochondral

34
Q

What is the name of long bone lengthening?

A

Interstitial growth

35
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

Zone of elongation in long bone tat contains hyaline cartilage.

36
Q

What occurs on the epiphyseal side of the plate?

A

Hyaline cartilage active and dividing to form hyaline cartilage matrix.

37
Q

What occurs on the diaphyseal side of the plate?

A

Cartilage calcifies and dies, being replaced by bone.

38
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Deposition of bone beneath the periosteum to increase thickness.

39
Q

What is the process of appositional growth?

A
  • Ridges in periosteum create groove for blood vessels
  • Ridges fuse, forming an endosteum-lined tunnel
  • Osteoblasts in the endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward centre of tunnel, forming a new osteon.
  • Bone grows outwards as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessel.
40
Q

What is the effect of PTH on bone?

A

Increased calcium mobilisation

41
Q

Where is PTH produced? What causes it to be produced?

A

Parathyroid gland

Decreased plasma Ca2+

42
Q

In addition to bone where does PTH act and what effects does it have?

A

Kidneys: Increased reabsorption of calcium, excretion of phosphate and synthesis of 1,25 (OH)2D3 (Vitamin D). Vit D3 then causes the gut to absorb more phosphate and calcium.

43
Q

What is produced when parafollicular cells of thyroid detect a increase in plasma Ca2+?

A

Calcitonin

44
Q

What is the effect of calcitonin on bone?

A

Reduced osteoclast activity

45
Q

Where else does calcitonin act? What effects does it have?

A

Kidneys

Increased Ca2+, PO43- and Na+ excretion

46
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone.

47
Q

What is the microstructure of tendons?

A

Parallel arrays of collagen fibres closely packed together.

Also small percentages of elastin, proteoglycans and inorganic components such as copper.

48
Q

What are the functions of tendons?

A

To transmit muscle force to bones
Store elastic energy
Resist compressive stresses

49
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the human body?

A

Collagen

50
Q

What is the structure of collagen?

A

Rope like triple helix of three alpha polypeptide chains.

51
Q

Where is type 1 collagen found?

A

Dermis, tendons, ligaments and bone

52
Q

Where is type 2 collagen found?

A

Cartilage, vitreous body, nucleus pulposus

53
Q

Where is type 3 collagen found?

A

Skin, vessel walls, reticular fibre of moist tissues (liver, lungs, spleen)

54
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

55
Q

What are the functions of ligaments?

A

Stability
Proprioception
Transmitting pain signals (via type c fibres)

56
Q

What is the structure/composition of a ligament?

A

Made of collagen type 1 and 3, and fibroblast cells. With functional subunits that tighten or loosen depending on joint position. not densely innervated or vascularised.

57
Q

What are the functions of cartilage?

A

Shock absorber
Protects long bones at joints
Structural component of ribs and IV discs

58
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Fibrous
Elastic

59
Q

What is cartilage made up of?

A

Chondrocytes

60
Q

What are the three classifications of joints in order of least flexible to most?

A

Fibrous (synarthrosis)
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis)
Synovial (diarthrosis)

61
Q

Give 6 types of joints that are synovial and an example of each.

A 
Plane e.g between tarsal bones
Hinge e.g elbow
Chondyloid e.g radiocarpal joint
Pivot e.g between C1 and C2 vertebrae
Saddle e.g between trapezium carpal bone and first metacarpal bone.
Ball and socket e.g hip joint
62
Q

Give 3 types of joints that are fibrous.

A

Sutures
Syndesmosis
Interosseous membrane

63
Q

Give 2 types of joints that are cartilaginous.

A

Synchondroses

Symphyses

64
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

To reduce friction in the joint during movement.

65
Q

Greater joint stability means…

A

Less joint mobility

66
Q

What does excessive ligament laxity lead to?

A

Hypermobility

67
Q

What factors affect joint mobility?

A

Shape
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage

BRS (5 decks)

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