Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BRS > MSK 3: Injury and Healing > Flashcards

MSK 3: Injury and Healing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of bone fracture?

A

Stress
Trauma
Pathological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the difference between pathological and stress fractures?

A

Pathological is normal stresses on abnormal bone, stress is abnormal stress on normal bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What terms are used to describe soft tissue integrity in fractures?

A

Open

Closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

The fracture is not complete in the bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

The bone is broken into many bone fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the name given to a bone with one complete break, with no fragments?

A

Simple fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In what ways can a fracture be displaced?

A

Transverse
Spiral
Impacted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the process of a stress fracture developing?

A
  • Overuse
  • Stress exerted on bone is greater than bone’s capacity to remodel.
  • Bone weakening
  • Stress fracture
  • Risk of complete fracture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the factors of of female athlete triad?

A

Disordered eating
Amenorrhea
Osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give examples of causes of pathological fractures?

A 
Osteoporosis
Malignancy
Vit D deficiency
Osteomyelitis
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Paget's disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Disrupted bone microarchitecture due to increased osteoclast activity over osteoblast.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is osteoporosis more common in males or females?

A

Females (4:1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are three causes of secondary osteoporosis?

A

Hypogonadism
Glucocorticoid excess
Alcoholism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What kind of bone fractures are associated with osteoporosis?

A

Fragility fractures from low energy trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some examples of primary bone cancers?

A

Osteosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma
Chordoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can cancers that are not primarily in the bone affect bones?

A

Metastases from breast, prostate, kidney, thyroid or lung cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What condition does vitamin D deficiency cause in adult and children’s bones?

A

Osteomalacia and rickets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are causes of vitamin D deficiency and related bone conditions?

A 
Inadequate sun exposure
Malabsorption 
Liver disease
Renal disease
Receptor defects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is ‘brittle bone disease’?

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta
Am autosomal dominant or recessive conditon of reduced type 1 collagen due to decreased secretion and production of abnormal collagen, resulting in insufficient osteoid production.

20
Q

What is pagets disease?

A

Ecessive bone breaking with disorganised remodelling, causing deformities, pain, fractures and athritis.

21
Q

What are the four stages of pagets disease?

A
  • Osteoclast activity
  • Mixed osteoclastic-osteoblastic activity
  • Osteoblastic activity
  • Malignant degeneration
22
Q

In week 1 post-fracture what happens in the healing process?

A

Heamatoma formation
Cytokine release
Granulation tissue forms

23
Q

Between week 2-4 what happens in the healing process?

A 
Soft callus (fibrocartilage) formation 
New blood vessels are formed
24
Q

Within 1-4 months of a bone fracture what occurs in the healing process?

A

The soft callus is converted to bone.

25
Q

Within 4-12 months of a fracture what happens in the healing process?

A

The callus responds to activity, external forces, functional demands and growth.
Excess bone is removed.

26
Q

What is primary bone healing?

A

Intramembranous healing providing absolute stability.

e.g with plates and screws (no movement)

27
Q

What is secondary bone healing?

A

Endochondral healing involving responses in the periosteum and external soft tissues, providing relative stability.

28
Q

When are signs of healing visible of x-rays?

A

7-10 days

29
Q

What are the three main stages of fracture management?

A

Reduce
Hold
Rehabilitate

30
Q

What are the two types of reduction, and examples of each?

A

Open: mini-incision or full exposure
Closed: manipulation or traction (skin or skeletal)

31
Q

What are the options for hold?

A

Closed: plaster or traction

Fixation

32
Q

What are some examples of fixation?

A

Internal: intermedullary (pins/nails) or extramedullary (plates/pins)
External: Monoplanar or multiplanar

33
Q

What are the stages of rehabilitation?

A

Use (pain-relief and retrain)
Move
Strengthen
Weight-bear

34
Q

What considerations should there be when deciding treatment?

A 
Displaced?
Stable?
At the joint surface?
Soft tissue integrity?
Other illnesses?
Patients wishes?
35
Q

What is tendinosis?

A

Abnormal thickening of tendons

36
Q

What is tendinitis?

A

Inflammation of tendons

37
Q

In addition to abnormal thickening and inflammation, what could also happen to tendons if a fracture is displaced?

A

Rupture

38
Q

What does a ‘Grade I’ ligament injury suggest?

A

Slight incomplete tear with no notable joint instability.

39
Q

What does a ‘Grade II’ ligament injury suggest?

A

Moderate/severe incomplete tear with some instability.

40
Q

What does a ‘Grade II’ ligament injury suggest?

A

Complete tearing of 1 or more ligaments with obvious instability.

41
Q

What are the stages of ligament healing and their time frame?

A 
Inflammatory phase (1-7 days)
Proliferation phase (7-21 days)
Remodelling (>14 days)
Maturation (weeks to years)
42
Q

What is the pathology of inflammatory phase?

A

Fibrin clot formed in ligament tears.

43
Q

What is the pathology of proliferation phase?

A

Tendons and ligaments are weakest, tensile strength builds

44
Q

What is the pathology of remodelling?

A

Tendons and ligaments heal with scar tissue that reduces ultimate strength and causes adhesions.

45
Q

What factors affect tissue healing?

A

Mechanical environment: movement and forces

Biological environment: Blood supply, immune function, infection, nutrition.

46
Q

What are the benefits of mobilisation on injured ligamentous tissue?

A

Scars are wider, stronger and more elastic

Better alignment/quality of collagen

47
Q

What are the bad effects of immobilisation of injured ligamentous tissue?

A

Less strength of scar
Protein degradation exceeds synthesis in collagen
Production of inferior tissue by blast cells
Resorption of bone at site of ligament insertion
Build tissue tensile strength

BRS (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions