URO 1: Genitourinary system

Question 1

What are the functions of the kidney?

Answer 1

Excretions of metabolic products
Excretion of foreign substances
Regulation of body fluids, electrolytes and acid-base balance
Control of blood pressure
Secretes hormones

Question 2

What is the blood supply to and from the kidney?

Answer 2

Renal artery
Segmental artery
Interlobar artery
Arcuate artery
Interlobular artery
Afferent arteriole
Glomerular capillaries
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries 
Interlobular vein
Arcuate vein
Interlobar vein
Renal vein

Question 3

What is the function of the detrusor muscle?

Answer 3

Contracts to build pressure in the urinary bladder to support urination.

Question 4

What is the function of the trigone?

Answer 4

Stretching this region to its limits sends signals to the brain about the need for urination.

Question 5

What is the function of the internal sphincter?

Answer 5

Involuntary control to prevent urination

Question 6

What is the function of the external sphincter?

Answer 6

Voluntary control to prevent urination.

Question 7

What is the function of the bulbourethral gland?

Answer 7

Produces thick lubricant which is added to watery semen to promote sperm survival/

Question 8

What are the parts of a nephron?

Answer 8

Glomerulus 
Bowmans capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

Question 9

What are the two types of cells in the collecting duct?

Answer 9

Principal and intercalated cells

Question 10

What are the constituents of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 10

Macula densa
Extraglomerular mesangial cell
Juxtaglomerular cells

Question 11

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 11

GFR regulation through tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism.

Renin secretion to regulate blood pressure.

Question 12

What are the four different renal processes?

Answer 12

Glomerular filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion

Question 13

What drives fluid through the filtration process of the bowman’s capsule?

Answer 13

Hydrostatic pressure of the heart.

Question 14

What are the three stages of filtration in the bowmans capsule?

Answer 14

• Fenestrae in capillary endothelium
• Glomerular basement membrane
• Slits between podocytes

Question 15

What is the formula of net ultrafiltration pressure?

Answer 15

HPgc - HPbw - OPgc

Question 16

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 16

Amount of fluid filtered from the glomeruli into the Bowman’s capsule per unit time.

Question 17

What are the units of GFR?

Answer 17

mL/min

Question 18

What is the normal GFR for healthy males?

Answer 18

90-140mL/min

Question 19

What is the normal GFR for healthy females?

Answer 19

80-125mL/min

Question 20

What is a fall in GFR the cardinal feature of?

Answer 20

Renal disease

Question 21

What is the myogenic mechanism in the regulation of GFR?

Answer 21

• Arterial pressure increases
• Afferent arteriole stretches
• Arteriole contracts
• Vessel resistance rises
• Blood flow reduces
• GFR stays the same

Question 22

What is the tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism?

Answer 22

• Increase/decrease in GFR
• Increased/decreased NaCl in loop of henle
• Change detected by macula densa
• Increased/decreased ATP and adenosine discharged
• Afferent arteriole constricts/dilates
• GFR stabilizes

Question 23

What is renal clearance?

Answer 23

The number of litres of plasma that are completely cleared of the substance per unit time.

Question 24

What is the formula for renal clearance?

Answer 24

C= (U x V)/ P

Question 25

What does freely filtered mean?

Answer 25

A substance