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Biology > General AS Exam Q > Flashcards

General AS Exam Q Flashcards

1
Q

Population small and scattered in isolated areas. Why this speeds up extinction?

A
  • inbreeding leads to small gene pool
  • less likely to adapt to environment
  • all wiped out by same disease
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2
Q

How zoos can aid conservation?

A
  • captive breeding programmes
  • promote conservation projects
  • education and awareness
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3
Q

Adv +disadv of lack of nuclei + other membrane bound organelles in erythrocytes?

A

-more space to carry O2

  • limited life span
  • no respiration by mitochondria
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4
Q

Why erythrocytes don’t make use of any of the oxygen they transport?

A
  • lack mitochondria so no aerobic respiration

- moved by mass slow so don’t need energy to move

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5
Q

How mass flow of phloem sap occurs?

A
  • assimilates enter sieve tube element at source
  • decreases psi
  • water enters down psi
  • increases hydrostatic pressure
  • assimilates leave phloem at sink + psi increases
  • water leaves down psi + decreases hydrostatic pressure
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6
Q

Why can expiration be a passive process?

A

-it doesn’t use muscle contraction; the muscles just relax

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7
Q

Effects of smooth muscle contraction in airways on ventilation?

A
  • rendition in diameter of bronchi + bronchioles
  • less air can be inhaled
  • gasping
  • increases breathing rate
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8
Q

What breathing instructions given to someone who’s vital capacity is being measured?

A
  • breathe out as hard as possible

- breathe in as much as possible

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9
Q

Role of checkpoint after synthesis?

A

Checking that DNA has been replicated properly

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10
Q

Why students t test not suitable?

A

-cannot calculate mean or SD from data

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11
Q

Size of ribosomes in fungi?

A

80s

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12
Q

Which kingdom lacks membrane bound organelles?

A

Prokaryotae only

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13
Q

Which taxonomic group will contain least no. Of species?

A

Genus

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14
Q

Which taxonomic group will have the highest number of species?

A

Phylum

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15
Q

In what stage of meiosis do chromosomes condense?

A

-prophase 1 and 2

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16
Q

From which part of the body has the blood come if it is entering from inferior vena cava?

A

Abdomen

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17
Q

Which blood vessels are sphincter muscles found?

A

Arterioles

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18
Q

What makes lub sound

A

Closing of bicuspid valve

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19
Q

What makes dub sound?

A

Closing Of semi lunar valves

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20
Q

Why add ethanol in test for lipids?

A

Dissolved the lipid

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21
Q

Why facilitated diffusion requires no metabolic energy?

A
  • movement down conc gradient

- particles have their own kinetic energy

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22
Q

Why - cannot pass through membrane?

A
  • phospholipid acts as a barrier

- molecules too large

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23
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

Abnormal immune response against tissues morally in the body

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24
Q

Sources of natural substances that can help develop new medicines?

A

Plants

Microorganisms

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25
Q

Sources of error In potometer investigation?

A
  • error in reading position of meniscus
  • leaks in apparatus
  • shoot not cut underwater
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26
Q

Ethical issues with embryonic stem cells?

A
  • embryo is killed
  • embryo cannot give consent
  • use of excess embryos from IVF
  • debate about when life begins
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27
Q

How to observe position of xylem vessels

A

Put in stain

Then cut across

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28
Q

How xylem vessels of hydrophytes differs from dicotyledonous?

A
  • less lignin

- thinner walls

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29
Q

How xylem vessels of xerophytes differs from dicotyledonous?

A
  • more lignified walls

- thicker wall

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30
Q

Similarities of xylem and phloem?

A
  • both made up of cells joined end to end

- both complex tissue

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31
Q

Differences between xylem and phloem?

A
  • xylem is lignified phloem isn’t
  • xylem has pits phloem doesn’t
  • xylem has no cytoplasm or organelles. Phloem does
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32
Q

How trachea of a mammal is different from trachea of insect?

A
  • Mammals have just 1. Insects have multiple
  • mammals have c shaped rings. Insects have spiral support
  • mammals have ciliated epithelium. Insects do not
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33
Q

Why population of habitat decreases?

A
  • more predators
  • more diseases
  • more interspecific competition
  • lack of management leasing to loss of habitat
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34
Q

Why population decreases less?

A
  • conserve hedgerows
  • fewer predators
  • more open space for breeding sites
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35
Q

Benefits of genetic biodiversity?

A
  • allows for adaptation to changing environment

- provides variation for natural selection

36
Q

What would you use to test conc of glucose without using colorimeter?

A

Biosensor

37
Q

How molecular structure of glucose + cholesterol is similar?

A
  • both have C and H atoms

- have OH groups

38
Q

Property of glucose that allows it to be transported in blood?

A

Soluble

39
Q

How the root hairs of plants which live in areas with little water potential are adapted?

A

There is a lower water potential inside root hair

40
Q

Advantages of binomial naming system?

A
  • recognised worldwide
  • know which genus + species it belongs to
  • avoids confusion as there are diff common names for the same organism
41
Q

What is wrong with writing Plasmodium Vivax?

A
  • not italicised
  • not underlined
  • capital letter on specific name
42
Q

How mosquito transmits malarial parasite to human?

A
  • mosquito is vector
  • parasite present in mosquito saliva
  • feeds on human + parasite passes from saliva to blood
43
Q

Problems with using insecticides to fight spread of malaria?

A
  • insecticide resistance
  • destruction of species is ethically wrong
  • might cause unintended health problems in humans
44
Q

Which lymphocytes are matured in thymus?

A

T lymphocytes

45
Q

Which lymphocyte secretes substances which kill infected cells?

A

T lymphocytes

46
Q

Which lymphocytes manufacture antibodies?

A

B

47
Q

Which lymphocytes undergo clonal expansion?

A

Both

48
Q

Which lymphocytes activate other lymphocytes?

A

T

49
Q

How to draw graph for how antibody conc would change for 2nd time infection?

A
  • higher peak
  • steeper initial increase
  • appear more quickly than 1st time
50
Q

What is hinge on antibody for?

A

Flexibility

51
Q

What is variable region on antibody for?

A

Binding to antigens

52
Q

What is constant region on antibody for?

A

Binding to phagocytes

53
Q

Why influenza vaccine has to be changed each year?

A
  • virus mutates each year + have different antigens

- antibody produced needs to match new strain

54
Q

Difference between primary and secondary immune responses?

A

-secondary starts earlier, faster + produces more antibodies

55
Q

Role of memory cells when influenza enters body?

A
  • recognise virus
  • forms plasma cells
  • make antibodies
  • responsible for secondary response
56
Q

Why dr would not prescribe antibiotics for influenza?

A

It effective against virus

57
Q

X is an enzyme present on influenza. Enzyme breaks down host cell membrane + allows virus to leave.
Y is an inhibitor. How could y inhibit x?

A
  • y is a competitive inhibitor
  • complementary shape to active site + thus competes for active site
  • prevent substrate binding to active site
  • y is non competitive inhibitor
  • fits into allosteric site +changes shape of active site
  • prevents formation of ESC
58
Q

Which ion is required for the hydrolysis of starch by an enzyme?

A

Cl-

59
Q

How to reduce uncertainty of data

A

Use more precise apparatus

60
Q

What happens when you soak something in ethanol?

A

Dissolves phospholipid bilayer

61
Q

How to calibrate colorimeter?

A

Set to zero absorbance using distilled water

62
Q

Why important to calibrate a colorimeter?

A

So values are all measured to same standard

63
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A
  • chromosomes align at equator of cell

- spindle fibres attaching to centromeres

64
Q

Covalent bond which links 2 cysteine amino acids?

A

Disulfide

65
Q

Why mosses do not need structures like xylem or roots to survive?

A

-large SA:V ratio

66
Q

Why those of immunity does a vaccination give you?

A

Artificial active

67
Q

Which type of phloem cell aphid inserted for get sap?

A

Sieve tube element

68
Q

How to test for presence of sucrose?

A

Non reducing sugar so boil with acid

Add Benedicts reagent

69
Q

Why starch not transported in phloem sap?

A
  • not soluble

- makes sap thick

70
Q

Why sucrose suitable for translocation?

A
  • not likely to be used by mitochondria for energy

- not likely to diffuse out of sieve tubes

71
Q

Term for isolated population developing slightly different characteristics to mainland population?

A

Intraspecific variation

72
Q

Why x and y cannot be classed as diff species?

A
  • can produce fertile offspring

- not enough phenotypic differences

73
Q

Evaluate with reference to genetic biodiversity problem of small population?

A
  • genetic diversity decreases as small gene pool and proportion of polymorphic loci is small
  • homozygosity increases as inbreeding will occur as closely related animals will breed
  • many be genetic erosion which is a loss of alleles
  • if highly susceptible to disease it gives them low potential for adaptation to future change
  • new alleles may arise as mutation but as slow as few generations per year
74
Q

Precautions that need to be taken when setting up potometer to ensure no air present?

A

Setting up:

  • cut stem underwater so no air can enter xylem +can obtain continuous column of water
  • have apparatus underwater so no air can enter apparatus
  • joints sealed tight
75
Q

Precautions that need to be taken when using potometer to ensure no air present?

A
  • do not allow air bubble to move too far so doesn’t enter xylem
  • use syringe to move air bubble so same air bubble can be re used
  • keep shoot supported to avoid breaking water column
76
Q

Why you could get anomalous results when using potometer?

A
  • bubble kit dully returned to starting position
  • misread ruler
  • temp/ light increased
77
Q

Why have control?

A

Compare effects of their conditions

78
Q

Why better to use capillary tube than calibrated pipette to measure water uptake?

A

Has more calibration marks

79
Q

When measuring water uptake of 2 diff shoots, how to ensure valid?

A
  • controls leaf area

- calculate transpiration rate per unit area

80
Q

How H+ ions move out companion cell?

A

Active transport

81
Q

How to ensure confidence in results?

A
  • repeat experiment
  • calculate mean
  • identify anomalies
82
Q

Why SA:V ratio of organism determines whether it needs circulatory system?

A

-large organisms have small SA:V so rate of diffusion too slow for sufficient uptake of nutrients

83
Q

Functions of triglycerides in organisms?

A
  • energy storage
  • energy source for respiration
  • thermal insulation
  • buoyancy
84
Q

Pattern of melting point for lipids?

A

-the fewer H the lower the melting point because it gives a more kinked chain + molecules less uniformly packed together

85
Q

Similarities + differences between DNA nucleotide + ATP?

A
  • both have penthouse monosaccharide
  • both have phosphate group

-ATP has 2 additional phosphates
Deoxyribose replaced w ribose

86
Q

Rules on drawing diagrams?

A
  • use sharp pencil
  • include scale bar
  • make sure diagram takes up at least half of space
  • title
  • no shading
  • continuous lines
87
Q

Why key is described as dichotomous?

A

Each q has 2 options

Biology (26 decks)

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