Chpater 13- Animal responses Flashcards
How activation of ‘fight or flight’ affects voluntary, involuntary and cardiac muscles?
- Sympathtic stimulated
- neurotransmitter is noradrenaline
- neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junction
- adrenaline secreted into blood from adrenal gland
- cardiac: beats faster. beats more forcefully
- smooth: alter blood flow. less blood flow to gut. smoot muscle in ariway relaxes so airways wider. pupild dilates
- voluntary: diaphragm contracting faster more blood flow to skeletal muscles
how adrenaline can cause diff effects in diff target tissues?
- diff tissues have diff receptors causing cAMP conc to increase or decrease
- cAMP activates diff enzymes
Another cource of ATP. transfer of phosphate group to ADP from?
creatine phosphate
During contraction of skeletal muscle, energy from ATP used to?
break cross bridge that holds actin and myosin together
Why glycogen muscles are present in striated muscles?
breaks down glucose for respiration to give energy from ATP
What happens to length of A band when muscle contracts?
stays the same
What happens to length of H zone when muscle contracts?-
decreases
what happens to length of I band when muscle contracts?
decreases
Sliding filament model?
- Ca2+ binds to troponin
- troponin changes shape
- tropomyosin moves aside
- binding sites on actin available
- actin -myosin cross bridges form
- power stroke
- actin filaments pulled past mysoin with force
Specialised cells in nose and tounge detect what stimuli?
chemical
Cellular structure of voluntary (skeletal) muscle?
- -striated
- multinucleated
- cylindrical cells
Cellular structure of involuntary (smooth) muscle?
- non striated
- uninucleated
- spindle shaped cells
Cellular structure of cardiac muscle?
- striated (slightly
- uninucleated
- branched cells
Function of involuntary muslces?
- control diamter of blood vessels
- control pupil size
- control diamter of bronchi/ bronchioles
Example of voluntary muscle in thorax?
diaphragm
