9.3 a) Case Study: South Sudan Flashcards
(30 cards)
Why has S Sudan become one of the worlds least peaceful countries?
South Sudan, the world’s newest sovereign state, gained independence from Sudan in 2011. It is a landlocked country in east-central Africa (Figure 9.22) with a population of 15 million in 2020. Since independence it has become one of the world’s least peaceful countries and most fragile states. There has been political instability, civil war, ethnic rivalry-a key underlying Case of the war-and poor governance. It is one of the poorest countries in Africa although there are o reserves, government revenue depends heavily on foreign aid
What are the social impacts of this humanitarian crisis?
- 4.2 million people have been forced to leave their homes (resulting in 2 million IDPs and 2.2 million refugees)
- There is acute and persistent food insecurity.
- An estimated 7 million people require humanitarian assistance. Most of these are women and children who have been subjected to gender-based violence and forced labour, including child soldiers and sex trafficking,
- There’s limited access to basic services, such as health, education, housing and sanitation.
- There’s a lack of basic infrastructure, such as paved roads, electricity and water supply
- There have been recent UN reports of ethnic cleansing in different parts of the country
What are the economic impacts of this humanitarian crisis?
- People’s livelihoods have been destroyed; most of the population relies on subsistence agriculture.
- There is acute and persistent food insecurity.
- There is a narrow industrial base and limited production capacity: 96 per cent of South Sudan’s exports are crude oil
- Government investment has focused on defence and security rather than on sectors that would help reduce poverty
- Poverty is acute and widespread with 82 per cent of the population living below the global poverty line of US$1.90 per day
- South Sudan has one of the lowest per capita GDP in the world after continued economic decline since independence
- HDI has also gradually declined since independence in 2019, its ranking was 0.413, 186
- Despite significant decrease in armed hostilities the peace agreement of 2018, accessing arms remains easy
What is the role of OCHA Co-ordination in response to conflict in S Sudan?
- This UN body serves as humanitarian co-ordinator for UN agencies, NCOs, regional organisations such as IGAD and the South Sudanese government. Its role is to improve the effectiveness of the international response by negotiating access within each state, mobilising the funding and monitoring progress
What is the role of UNMISS peacekeeping in response to conflict in S Sudan?
- The UNMISS aims to protect civilians, monitor human rights, support implementation of the cessation Peacekeeping hostilities agreement and support delivery of humanitarian assistance it has sent over 16,000 personnel (including 14,000 troops and 2000 police and had a budget of US$1.27 billion for 2019/20
It created many POC (protection of civilian) sites that shelter over 20,000 people each.
§ Eg. UN house in Juba
What is the role of UNICEF Children in response to conflict in S Sudan?
- UNICEF aims to overcome obstacles preventing children reaching their full potential, such as does poverty and discrimination UNICEF has field offices throughout South Sudan that help to reach as many children and mothers as possible despite poor infrastructure
What is the role of UNHCR in response to conflict in S Sudan?
- The UNHCR works closely with the national government to deliver assistance and protection services t refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs)
What is the role of WFP in response to conflict in S Sudan?
- The WFP supports vulnerable people affected by conflict, displacement, reduced crop production and helping to meet their food and nutrition needs
What is the role of IOM in response to conflict in S Sudan?
- IOM works closely with migrants, government and humanitarian partners to track and monitor D conducts village assessment surveys for effective reintegration of returnees.
What is the role of WHO in response to conflict in S Sudan?
- The WHO implements strategies to reduce maternal and child morbidity and mortality rates prevent communicable and non-communicable diseases, strengthen the country’s health systems and a environmental and social determinants of health
Why has intervention been necessary and what makes it effective?
Intervention by the international community has been necessary to resolve conflict, ease suffering and promote development. Effective intervention depend on co-ordination of strategies and co-operation of organisations involved, these include the UN and t agencies, the Government of National Unity and NGOS
What have the UN done?
This intervention involves flows of people (peace personnel), money (funding from the UN and NCO ideas (based on field research and monitoring and technology (biometric registration, medicines) into San Sudan.
What have the S Sudan government done?
In 2013, political infighting between President Kir (Dinka) and Vice-President Machar (Noer) turned into serious armed conflict-an intense civil war fought along ethnic lines. Intervention became necessary as the government was failing to protect its citizens and humanitarian crisis was escalating The obstructive and intransigent attitude of the government made interaction with the UN and NGO’s very difficult.
What was introduced in 2020?
By 2020 a ‘revitalised Transitional Government of National Unity’ (R-TCONU) had been formed following a power sharing agreement between Kiir and the rebel partes including Machar This brought the prospect of co-operation and peace in South Sudan IGAD (Intergovernmental Authority on Development for Eastern Africa) played an important role in mediating this process But there are still major obstacles to overcome.
What has peace been jeopardised by?
Peace has been jeopardised by Kir and Machar disagreeing on sharing control of the country’s ten states. In addition, there have been UN reports of looting of humanitarian supplies by armed youth groups, roadside attacks interfering with aid operations mismanagement of government spending on services, government officials pillaging public funds dissident communities being marginalised and continued inter-communal conflict by cattle raiding in the dry season. Nevertheless UN agencies and NGOs are attempting to interact with government departments over issues such as food shelter and human rights protection.
What is the S Sudan NGO forum?
The South Sudan NGO Forum is a platform through which NCOS national government, the UN and donors can share information establish state-level co-ordination and develop guidelines for effective aid strategies. In 2020, member of the forum included:
- 263 national NCOs such as Upper Nile Youth Development Organisation and Grass-Root Integrated Network for Development (GRIND)
- 116 international NGOs such as World Vision International Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Save the Children and Care International
What is the role of NGO’s in S Sudan?
The NGOs address humanitarian aid and development needs. They are attempting to forge working relationships with government authorities and local communities but their work is hindered by violent attacks on aid workers Terre des Hommes (Tdh) is a Swiss NGO currently working in communities in the southeast of the country. Its work involves: supplying families with basic necessities, such as shelter, clean water and sanitation, helping to increase local food production and education in nutrition providing food in schools and safe areas for child protection.
What is the benefit of emergency food supply, as a result of global governance, in S Sudan?
o Aid agencies have co-ordinated their efforts to position essential supplies during the dry season enabling easier access to food during the wet season when roads are difficult.
What is the benefit of food security, as a result of global governance, in S Sudan?
o Villagers have received tracing under the WFP to maintain livestock heath, use fishing equipment and crop production techniques to improve longer-term food security
What is the benefit of family reunification, child and maternal health, as a result of global governance, in S Sudan?
o UNICEF has helped children, releasing them from armed forces, tracing their families, and returning then to school in partnership with WFP many have been treated for severe, acute malnutrition and provided with access to clean drinking water Women have been supported with antenatal care visits and childbirth attended by skilled birth attendants.
What is the benefit of education, as a result of global governance, in S Sudan?
o NGOs such as Save the Children in South Sudan are working to provide safe and uninterrupted education to children affected by conflict. This supports SDG Target 4 within the UNDP for quality education and lifelong opportunities. This includes training teachers and providing materials, for example, in Upper Nile and jongiei states
What is the benefit of health, disease and control, as a result of global governance, in S Sudan?
o The WHO South Sudan’s Ministry of Health, UNICEF and Gavi, the vacone alliance, an Ebola testing, providing cholera kits, immunisation against measles and and-makar me areas subject to flooding such as jongle Upper Nile. Warap and Eastem Equatoria states
What is the benefit of protection and shelter, as a result of global governance, in S Sudan?
o Despite the peace agreement, in 2020, 190,376 people were seeking safety in UN protection of civilian sites in Bentiu Malakal Juba, Bor, and Wau. These sites provide shelter, sanitation rainy season for displaced, vulnerable people.
What is the benefit of infrastructure and accessibility, as a result of global governance, in S Sudan?
o OCHA has negotiated access to remote areas throughout the country to reach outlying a but transport is difficult Co-ordinated efforts between UNDP UNOPS and World Bank and improve accessibility by connecting communities with road infrastructure projects in remote areas of Warrap jonglei and Eastern Equatoria states.
