9.3 What is the Role of Global Governance in Conflict? Flashcards
(29 cards)
How can challenges to TI and sovereignty be a cause of conflict?
- Unjust treatment of citizens; limited opportunity to be represented in government
- Government failure to protect its citizens from violation of human rights
- Invasion of a state by another, including annexation of an area
- Competition for the same, or scarce, natural resources such as water supply, agricultural land or oil.
- Persecution of old people for their religious or political beliefs
- Government failure, through poor management or deliberate act, to supply basic human needs such as food, education and health care
- Suppression or marginalization of people by a state government such as those seeking autonomy, independence and self determination
- Ethnic conflict within a state
How are patterns of conflict/peace shown?
Patterns of conflict/peacefulness are shown on the Global Peace Index map. The Institute for economic and peace has ranked countries according to a composite score based on 23 different ‘peace’ indicators. These are grouped into three main categories militarisation, safety and security and domestic and internal conflicts Examples of indices relating specifically to conflict include number and duration of inernal conflicts deaths from internal conflicts likelihood of violent demonstrations within the country number duration and role of a country in external conflicts number of deaths from external conflicts In 2019 the four most peaceful countries were Iceland New Zealand, Portugal and Austria, and the four least peaceful were Afghanistan Syria, South Sudan and Yemen
How does Kashmir show contested sovereignty?
Sovereignty over Kashmir has been contested between Pakistan and India since the partition of india in 1947 Fire 93, Periodic firing across the border by both countries has caused deaths of military personnel and internal displacement of thousands of poor farmers and their families. Troops are even stationed high in the Karakoram Range at over 6000 m to control the territory of the Siachen Glacier, a major source of the River Indus
What is at the heart of the kashmir dispute?
Although there are ethnic, cultural and religious differences, water insecurity is at the heart of the Kashmir depute. The Indus is a very important natural resource to both countries for irrigation and hydro-electric power. Mediated by the World Bank, the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960 shared the waters of the Indus and is still in force. But Pakistan, occupying the lower part of the Indus Basin complains that India adversely affects its water supplies by damming the upper tributaries which flow through that part of Kashmir under Indian control
Why is the water dispute of escalating importance?
- the rapid growth of their populations, increasing demand for water
- the water resource itself depleting as global warming causes Himalayan glaciers to retreat.
The dispute remains unresolved, requiring greater co-operation between the two countries.
When is intervention used?
The sovereign nation-state is the basis of the global political system. Intervention by the international community is used when sovereignty is threatened by genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing
What institutions are involved in intervention?
Institutions involved in the intervention process include the UN, NATO, regional economic and political groupings such as the EU and ASEAN, and civil society organisations including many international NGOs. These institutions have different roles in establishing and reinforcing treaties laws and norms. They are all significant in regulating conflict and in reproducing, or maintaining the global system of sovereign nation-states-often through co-operation and co-ordination of their strategies
What is the UN?
The UN founded in 1945, is an international organisation of 193 elected member states its headquarters is in New York City, but its historic home is the Palais des Nations, Geneva Originally built to house the League of Nations, overlooking Lake Geneva in Switzerland (Figure 9.19), today it hosts UN Agencies that have very significant roles in regulating conflict These include the Office of the UN High Commissioner of Human Rights (OHCHR), the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) and the UN Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
In regulating conflict the UN aims to achieve worldwide peace and security develop good relations between rations foster co-operation among nations
What is the UN charter?
The UN Charter gives the Security Council primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. Most of these practices have become difficult to achieve in the twenty-first century preventative diplomacy and mediation are the increasingly important. Monitoring and observation have also taken on greater significance, enabling peacekeeping operations to be deployed earlier.
How does the UN operate all its policies?
The UN operates all its policies as part of a global partnership. This helps to give its interventions legitimacy, sustainability and global reach City in 2021, there are 12 peacekeeping missions. These are backed by the legal and political authority of the UN Security Council the UN Secretariat departments that carry out the day-to-day responsibilities of the UN, the support of the host country, and the use of personnel and finance contributed by member states. The UN he the important role of co-ordinating the input of organisations involved in areas of conflict
What is NATO?
NATO is an alliance of European and North American countries. Its purpose is to safeguard the freed and security of its 30 members through political and military means:
What are the political means of NATO?
NATO promotes democratic values and encourages consultation and co-operation on defence and security issues to help prevent conflict
What are the military means of NATO?
NATO attempts to achieve a peaceful resolution of disputes. If diplomatic measures are ineffective, it has the military capacity and mandate needed to undertake crisis management and operations either alone or in co-operation with other countries and international organisations
What is the EU?
After the Second World War, the aim of the EU was to foster economic co-operation on the understanding that international trade between member countries would enhance economic interdependence, making them more likely to avoid conflict.
What is the role of the EU today?
In addition, today the EU has an important security role, providing forces from member states on an ad hoc basis for rapid response operations. This is achieved by OSCE (organisation for security and Co-operation in Europe). The work of OSCE includes conflict prevention and resolution through border management, arms control, promoting human rights, combating human trafficking, observing and assisting in democratic elections and enhancing cyber security. The EU also aims to regulate conflict through its policies.
How does the UN maintain international peace and security?
- Preventative diplomacy and mediation
- Peacekeeping
- Peace-building
- Counter-terrorism
- Treaty-making
- Disarmament
- Upholding international law
- Delivering humanitarian aid
- Promoting sustainable development
- Setting disputes between states via the international court of justice
What are NGO’s?
International civil society organisations (CSO’s) including NGO’s, intervene in many different ways in conflict zones. They work in co-operation with global institutions, national and local governments and citizens resident in local communities within the conflict zones.
What do NGO’s do?
- Provision of humanitarian relief, including healthcare, medicine, education, food and water
- Monitoring the situation and providing early warnings of any new violence
- Organising direct mediation and open dialogue between adversarial parties
- strengthening local institutions, rule of law and democratic processes such as elections
- reinforcing the growing number of norms, treaties and laws, NGOs can be particularly effective at local scale through education in the field, working with individuals, families and local community groups
- promoting basic human rights.
What are the three EU policies specifically linked to conflict?
Foreign affairs and security policy
Common security and defence policy
European partnership and southern neighbourhood policies
What are the aims of the foreign affairs and security policy?
o Preserve peace and international security
o Promote international co-operation
o Develop and consolidate respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, rule of law and democracy
What are the aims of the common security and defence policy?
o joint disarmament operations
o Humanitarian and rescue tasks
o Military advice and assistance
o Conflict prevention and peacekeeping
o Crisis management, including peace-making and post-conflict stabilisation
What are the aims of the European partnership and southern neighbourhood policies?
o Easter Partnership and Southern Neighbourhood policies are key foreign relations. The EU aims to co-operate with 16 of its close neighbour states in Eastern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East in terms of security stability and prosperity.
Examples include Amnesty International, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Oxfam and ACCORD, the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes
What are treaties, laws and norms?
Treaties, laws and norms are formulated by international organisations such as the UN, EU and ASEAN. They govern the legal and generally accepted practices designed to regulate conflict, maintain peace and maintain the system of sovereign nation-states
What is the role of treaties?
A treaty, or convention, is a written international agreement between two or more states and/or international organisations. States that sign and ratify a treaty are bound to it by international law
Many multilateral treaties have been adopted by the UN. One example relating to conflict is The Convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling production and transfer of anti-personnel mines and on their destruction. By 2020, 164 countries had signed or ratified this legally binding agreement. It remains open for signature by others, including China, India, Russia and the USA. The Broken Chair sculpture in Place des Nations Geneva is a monument to many thousands of victims of land mines, and it serves as a reminder to all countries to sign the treaty.
