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Patho: Exam 3 > Alterations In Digestive Function (Children Pt 1 & 2) > Flashcards

Alterations In Digestive Function (Children Pt 1 & 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Most alterations in the digestive function of children are congenital anomalies of the …

A

Intestinal Tract, disorders of digestion, absorption, nutrition, and liver disease

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2
Q

Define Cleft lip (harelip) and cleft palate

A

Failure of the bony plate to fuse in the midline due to multiple gene-environment, interactions, and deficiency of vitamin B vitamins

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3
Q

Cleft Lip

A

Is caused by the incomplete fusion of the nasomedial or intermaxillary process during the fourth week of development

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4
Q

Cleft Palate

A

Results from the incomplete fusion of the primary palatal shelves during the third month of gestation.

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5
Q

Esophageal Atresia

A

Esophagus ends in a blind pouch

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6
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistula

A

Abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus; incomplete closure of the laryngtracheal tube

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7
Q

Esophageal atresia causes drooling or aspiration during feeding. T or F

A

True

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8
Q

Esophageal Malformation patho

A

Post viral, environmental, & genetic

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9
Q

Define Pyloric Stenosis

A

Obstruction of the pyloric sphincter is caused by hypertrophy/hyperplasia of CIRCULAR sphincter muscle. More common in male infants.

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10
Q

Obstructions of the Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum

A
  • Are caused by intrinsic malformations (atresia or stenosis)
  • Obstructions may be partial or complete
  • stenosis: narrowing down the lumen
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11
Q

Intestinal Malrotation

A

Failure for of the colon to rotate during fetal development; Twisting is volvulus (twisting on the bowel on itself)

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12
Q

What is the most common malformation of the GI tract for neonates?

A

Outpouching of all layers of the small intestinal wall called MECONIUM (meckel diverticulum)

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13
Q

Meconium Ileus

A

Condition in the newborn in which intestinal secretions and amniotic waste products produce a thick TARRY plug that obstructs the intestine (usually from a lack of digestive enzymes).

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14
Q

Distal Intestinal Obstruction Syndrome

A

Formerly called meconium ileus equivalent; Occurs when intestinal contents become abnormally THICK and obstruct the LUMEN

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15
Q

Name 4 disorders that can cause obstructions in the small intestine (duodenal, jenjunal, and ileal)?

A

Meconium ileus: thicker than usual ileum causing bowel obstruction
Atresia: underdevelopment of an orfice (opening)
Peritoneal bands
Acquired obstructive disorders

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16
Q

Meckel diverticulum is an ________ of all layers of the _____ intestine caused by a failure if the fibrous band that connects the small intestine to the umbilicus.

A

Outpouching; small intestine

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17
Q

Congenital aganglionic megacolon (Hirschsprung disease) is cause by:

A

An absence of enteric ganglia and malformation of the PNS system in a segment of the colon, resulting in adequate colon motility and functional obstruction.

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18
Q

Hirschsprung disease

A

Birth defect in which nerves are missing from parts of the intestine (obstruction of the colon).

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19
Q

What is the most common cause of colon obstruction?

A

Hirschsprung disease

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20
Q

Anorectal Malformations

A

Anal or rectal agenesis (no rectal orfice), atresia (underdevelopment of opening), & fistula (abnormal connection new two body parts)

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21
Q

Deformities that cause complete obstruction are called

A

Imperforate anus

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22
Q

Malformations of the anus and rectum range from mild congenital ________ of the anus to complex deformities, all of which are classified as __________ anus.

A

Stenosis; imperforate

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23
Q

Meconium is

A

A substance that fills the intestine before birth

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24
Q

Meconium plug syndrome

A

Benign bowel obstruction

25
Q

Meconium aspiration syndrome

A

Gasping respirations that cause meconium aspiration

26
Q

Meconium ileus

A

Abnormally sticky meconium causes intestinal obstruction

27
Q

In new borns GERD is normal. T or F

A

True; sphincter is not fully developed.

28
Q

Eosinophilic esophagitis is differentiated from GERD, it’s a separate disease that can occur in children called _____ _____.

A

Atopic disease

29
Q

Atopic disease

A

Immediate & delayed hypersensitivity reactions to food ingestion

30
Q

The most common cause of acquired intestinal obstruction in infants is called

A

INTUSSUSCEPTION

31
Q

Intussuception means

A

One portion of the bowel telescopes or invaginates into another.

32
Q

Clinical manifestations of Intussuception

A

Currant jelly stools (dark and gelatinous)

33
Q

Define Cystic Fibrosis: “Classic Triad”

A
  • Inherited disease
  • pathophysiologic triad:
    1) pancreatic enzyme deficiency (causes maldigestion )
    2) Increased mucus production in the resp. Tract
    3) elevated chloride and sodium concentrations in sweat
34
Q

Cystic Fibrosis causes pancreatic insufficiency. T or F

A

True

35
Q

Pancreatic damage (secondary to CF) can eventually affect the beta cells resulting in diabetes mellitus. T or F

A

True

36
Q

Clinical Manifestations of CF

A

Growth failure, glucose intolerance, chronic lung infections

37
Q

Define Celiac Disease “Gluten intolerance” aka “gluten sensitive enteropathy”

A

Auto/Immune mediated lifelong disease of the small intestinal villous epithelium in the presence of a gluten containing diet. (T cell mediated, antibody, complement activation)

38
Q

Gluten

A

Protein component in cereal grains (wheat , rye, barley, oats, malt)

39
Q

A person with celiac disease loses _____ epithelium in the intestinal tract.

A

Villous

40
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Celiac disease

A

Stools: pale, bulky, foul smelling
Child: failure to thrive

41
Q

Celiac disease: Primary vs Secondary Effects

A

Primary: Villus and atrophy, inflammation
Secondary: mucosal damage (proximal bowel); decreased pancreatic function

42
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

Severe deficiency of protein; occurs in children ages 1-4 who have been weaned of breast milk

43
Q

Marasmus

A

Is a deficiency of all nutrients; common in children younger than 1 year old (lack of protein and carbs)

44
Q

Kwashiorkor & Marasmus causes ______mental and physical development.

A

Stunted

45
Q

Failure to thrive falls below the ____ percentile on the growth curve or shows stagnation in length or width.

A

Third

46
Q

Necrotizing Entercolitis is a disorder in neonates, particularly low birth weight or premature which is a result of:

A
  • low birth weight
  • stress/anoxia from an immature bowel wall
  • Bacteria invade the mucosa and can result in colitis, necrosis, intestinal perforation, sepsis, and death.
  • causes death if left untreated
47
Q

Clinical manifestations of necrotizing enterocolitis

A
  • Bloody stools after 8-10 days of age
  • Elevated wbc count
  • bradycardia
  • apnea
48
Q

Acute Diarrhea

A

Is associated with acute viral or bacterial gastroenteritis, contaminated food / water

49
Q

Chronic Diarrhea

A

Prolonged diarrhea; Very dangerous with children since they have lower fluid reserves than adults.

50
Q

Rotavirus

A

Is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants & young children worldwide.

51
Q

Primary Lactose Intolerance

A

Inability to digest milk sugar (lactose) results in osmotic diarrhea with ingestion of lactose-containing dairy products

52
Q

Physiologic jaundice of the Newborn

A

Mild hyperbilirubinemia; subsides 1-2 weeks (can cause brain damage called kernicterus)

53
Q

Billary Atresia

A

Congenital malformation of the bile duct that obstructs bile flow. Most common reason for liver transplantation in children.

54
Q

Hepatitis A Virus

A

Most common forms of chronic liver disease

55
Q

Portal Hypertension in children usually caused by extrahepatic obstruction. ______ of the portal vein is the most common cause of portal hypertension in children.

A

Thrombosis (splenomegaly is the most common sign)

56
Q

What are the three most common metabolic disorders that cause liver damage in children?

A

Galactosemia, fructosemia, and Wilson disease

57
Q

Wilson Disease

A

Defective cooper uptake and metabolism; accumulates in the kidneys, liver, and brain.

58
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Wilson Disease

A

Kayser - Fleischer rings : accumulation of copper in the limbus of the cornea causing a greenish yellow ring

Patho: Exam 3 (7 decks)

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