inflammation

Question 1

what is the major way the innate immune system to deal with infections and tissue injury?

Answer 1

acute inflammation

Question 2

how fast can acute inflammation occur?

Answer 2

• in minutes to hours

Question 3

how long can a.i. last?

Answer 3

• for days

Question 4

what triggers chronic inflammation?

Answer 4

• develops from acute inflammation

- if infection is not eliminated or tissue injury is prolonged

Question 5

what is an inflammasome?

Answer 5

• multi protein complex

Question 6

what is included by an inflammasome?

Answer 6

• NOD-like pattern recognition receptor 3 (NLRP3) and caspase 1

Question 7

what does an inflammasome generate?

Answer 7

• active form of IL-1

Question 8

where is an inflammasome located?

Answer 8

• cytosol of mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic cells and other cells

Question 9

who induces the formation of inflammasomes?

Answer 9

• PAMPs
  -DAMPs and insoluble crystals
  (frustrazed phagocytosis)

Question 10

what are cytokines?

Answer 10

• soluble proteins

Question 11

who secretes cytokines ?

Answer 11

• activated macrophages and other cells

Question 12

What are TNFs, Its and IFNs?

Answer 12

• tumor necrosis factors
• interleukins
• interferons

Question 13

describe autocrine action

Answer 13

cytokine secreted by cell activates same cell

Question 14

paracrine action activates…

Answer 14

• neighboring cell

Question 15

major pro inflammatory cytokines are:

Answer 15

TNF and interleukins IL-1 and IL-6

Question 16

what is the earliest responses of the i.i.s. to infection and tissue damage?

Answer 16

• secretion of cytokines by tissue cells

- critical for acute inflammatory response

Question 17

what are cytokines TNF; IL-1 and IL-6 for?

Answer 17

• systemic effects

- contribute to host defense and responsible for many clinical signs of infection and inflammatory disease

Question 18

What are endogenous pyrogens and what is their function?

Answer 18

• TNF, IL-1 and IL-6

- act on hypothalamus to induce an increase in body temp

Question 19

what could happen during severe infection?

Answer 19

• TNF produced in large amounts

- lead to systemic clinical and pathologic abnormalities

Question 20

what is a septic shock?

Answer 20

• complication of severe bacterial sepsis

Question 21

what happens during a septic shock?

Answer 21

• vascular collapse
• disseminated intravascular coagulation
• metabolic disturbances

Question 22

septic shock is caused by

Answer 22

LPS released from gram-bacteria and

massive production of TNF