Tissues

Question 1

Types of tissues?

Answer 1

Types of tissues?

.Epithelial - covers body and organs to protect them. Secretory e.g. glands and absorbent e.g. small intestine.

.Connective - support the body by holding all the organs and tissues in place and transporting blood.

.Nervous - conduct nerve impulses to and from the CNS.

.Muscular - brings about movement.

Question 2

Types of epithelial tissues?

Answer 2

Types of epithelial tissues?

Simple epithelium - single layer of cells!

.Squamous
.Cuboidal
.Columnar
.Ciliated

Compound epithelium - many layers!

.Stratified
.Transitional

Question 3

Simple squamous epithelium function?

Answer 3

Simple squamous epithelium function?

.Protective lining within or around an internal body structure and permit dissolved substances to pass through it.

.Is often permeable

.Allows diffusion and filtration e.g. alveoli, blood vessels and Bowman’s capsule of nephron.

Question 4

Simple cuboidal epithelium function?

Answer 4

Simple cuboidal epithelium function?

.Lines internal structures of organs for protection and to secrete lubricating substances

.It can secrete substances and absorb them.

.Lining the surface of the ovaries, the kidney tubules and within secreting parts of glands.

Question 5

Simple columnar epithelium function?

Answer 5

Simple columnar epithelium function?

.Allows absorption of soluble food material in the intestines.

.Forms lining in the stomach, intestines and ducts.

Question 6

Simple ciliated epithelium function?

Answer 6

Simple ciliated epithelium function?

.The free surface has tiny hair-like projections to catch foreign matter and remove it from the body.

.They help to remove mucus, foreign matter and debris, keeping passageways and linings clear another with the addition of goblet cells that secrete fluids e.g respiratory tract & uterine tubes.

Question 7

Stratified epithelium function?

Answer 7

Stratified epithelium function?

.Provides a relatively tough and impervious barrier where areas of friction occur within the organs and structures of the body and at the outer surface.

.Dry - forms a dead layer (keratinised) and prevents deeper layers from drying out and protects theml e.g. skin. Keratin is a protein.

.Wet - provides lubrication i.e mouth, oesophagus, conjunctiva and vagina where friction happens.

Question 8

Transitional epithelium function?

Answer 8

Transitional epithelium function?

.Can change shape when necessary e.g. bladder and ureters.

Question 9

Nervous tissue function?

Answer 9

Nervous tissue function?

.Transmitting signals to and from the brain.

.Provide a means of sending and receiving electrochemical signals from a stimulus to allow the animal to respond to changes in and outside it’s environment.

Question 10

Muscular tissue types and function?

Answer 10

Muscular tissue types and function?

.Skeletal - to help support and move the body.

.Smooth - to carry out involuntary functions e.g. peristalsis.

.Cardiac - heart muscle to pump blood

Question 11

Connective tissues types?

Answer 11

Connective tissues types?

.Function - to provide a means of linking, supporting and surrounding body organs, the body as a whole and binding other tissues together.

.Consists of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.

.Areolar (loose connective)
.Adipose 
.White fibrous (dense connective)
.Bone
.Blood 
.Cartilage
.Haemopoietic

Question 12

Areolar/ loose connective tissue function?

Answer 12

Areolar/ loose connective tissue function?

.Connecting and supporting other tissues e.g. hypodermis, between muscles, supporting blood vessels and nerves.

.Link, support and connect internal organs, blood vessels and nerves connecting these to the skin, filling spaces between different organs and binding epithelial sheets to form mesenteries.

Question 13

Dense connective tissue functions?

Answer 13

Dense connective tissue functions?

.Provide a tough, robust, strong and flexible material to allow efficient movement of different structures such as tendons, ligaments, cartilage and artery walls.

.For strength. It connects and protects parts of the body e.g. dermis and forms ligaments and tendons.

. Tendons contain collagen fibres whilst ligaments contain elastic fibres.

Question 14

Adipose connective tissue functions?

Answer 14

Adipose connective tissue functions?

.Protective layer around the kidneys.

.Insulates the body to reduce heat loss.

.An energy reserve.

.Fat filled cells containing fat globules.

.Around blood vessels and nerves, beneath the skin, between connecting organs and between muscle bundles.

Question 15

Bone connective tissue function?

Answer 15

Bone connective tissue function?

.To support and protect the body and all its organs, as well as produce blood cells in bone marrow.

Question 16

Blood connective tissue function?

Answer 16

Blood connective tissue function?

.RBC to transport food and oxygen to all the cells of the body and to remove waste from them. WBC to fight infection and thrombocytes to clot.

Question 17

Cartilage connective tissue types and function?

Answer 17

Cartilage connective tissue types and function?

.Hyaline - Found on articular surfaces of joints and provides support for the nose, larynx, trachea and bronchi.

.Elastic cartilage - support for flexibility found in the ear and epiglottis.

.Fibrocartilage - to absorb shock e.g. knee joint, hip joint, shoulder socket. Attaches the tendons and ligaments to bone.

.Cartilage is a tough connective tissue and it is formed from as matrix of chondrin, chondrocytes and collagen fibres.

.Cartilage has no blood supply and relies on surrounding tissues for its oxygen, other nutrients and removal of waste.

Question 18

Glandular tissue?

Answer 18

Glandular tissue?

.Is a modification of epithelial tissue.

.Unicellular glands - goblet cell which secretes mucus onto the membrane surface (mucous membrane).

.Multicellular glands.

Question 19

Exocrine glands?

Answer 19

Exocrine glands?

.Have ducts for their secretory products to be transported to the site they are needed.

Question 20

Endocrine glands?

Answer 20

Endocrine glands?

.Do not have ducts

.Their secretions (hormones) are carried by the blood to their target organ.

Question 21

Haemopoietic connective tissue?

Answer 21

Haemopoietic connective tissue?

.Forms the bone marrow within long bones.

Question 22

Peritoneum?

Answer 22

Peritoneum?

.The serous membrane that covers all the internal surface of the abdominal cavity and some of the pelvic cavity e.g. bladder and reproductive tract.

.This is a continuous sheet that forms a closed cavity (the peritoneal cavity).

.Parietal peritoneum - lines the abdominal walls.

.Visceral peritoneum - covers the organs of the abdomen separating them.

Mesentery - the folds of the visceral peritoneum that separated the organs e.g. mesoduodenum and mesovarium.

.Omentum - a fold of the peritoneum that contains vessels and fat.

.Contains lubricating serous fluid called peritoneal fluid for friction free movement of organs.

Question 23

Pelvic cavity?

Answer 23

Pelvic cavity?

.Urinary bladder

.Rectum

.Reproductive organs

.Sacrum and first few coccygeal

.Pubis and ischium

.Start is the pelvic inlet and end is the pelvic aperture.

Question 24

Peritoneum?

Answer 24

Peritoneum?

.A layer of tissue in the abdomen that covers organs and the abdomen wall.

Question 25

Skeletal muscle?

Answer 25

Skeletal muscle?

.Skeletal muscle cells are shaped like cylinders and are called muscle fibres.

.The fibres are arranged in bundles and layers and so this muscle tissue type is called “striated”.

.The striations are composed of myosin (a protein that forms the thicker component of the cylindrical filament); and actin (a protein that forms the thinner component of the filament).

.These two proteins permit elasticity for contraction and relaxation of the fibres. Skeletal muscle tissue is formed from closely-packed bundles of fibres without the gaps.

Question 26

Smooth muscle?

Answer 26

Smooth muscle?

.Can stretch extensively as well as perform what is known as peristalsis because of the sheet like formation, also having no striations it allows smooth like movement in the cell.

.In the oesophagus, bladder and digestive system.

.Spindle shaped cells which are arranged in sheets or bundles. Smooth muscle is under involuntary control.

.This sheet-like formation together with no striations allows smooth wave-like movement (peristalsis) and a stretching ability greater than that available to skeletal muscle.

.Its elasticity is considerable.

Question 27

Cardiac muscle?

Answer 27

Cardiac muscle?

.The heart contains only cardiac muscle and has structures called intercalcated discs that link the muscles fibres.

.Their purpose is to allow cardiac muscle to contract in a synchronised manner in response to the tiny electrical current that flows through the heart.

.This allows the heart to pump regularly and effectively.

.The tissue’s structure is necessary for this organ because it has intercalated discs that allow the heart to expand and contract when they get
electrical impulses from the nervous system which makes the heart pump blood around the body regularly and effectively.

Question 28

Nervous tissue?

Answer 28

Nervous tissue?

.The purpose of nervous tissue is to detect stimuli and respond by transmitting information along nerve fibres.

.This is achieved by means of electrochemical signals (nervous impulses).

MThe nervous system consists of the CNS & Peripheral Nervous System.

.Electrochemical signals generated by the nervous system pass from neurone to neurone via a synapse after travelling along the a “process”. This process is the axon. To protect the axon (this can be likened to a tiny piece of electrical wire) an insulating layer called the myelin sheath covers whole process.

.The myelin sheath does not insulate to keep the axon warm! It insulates like the coating over an electrical wire – it maintains the health electrical signal.

Question 29

Glandular epithelium?

Answer 29

Glandular epithelium?

.Provide a means of manufacturing, storing and secreting liquid and other substances into the bloodstream, over the epithelial cell itself or through a duct.

.Within the endocrine and exocrine glands where substances can be manufactured, stored and secreted.

Question 30

Body cavities?

Answer 30

Body cavities?

.Thoracic cavity- enclosed by the ribs and starts at thoracic inlet and ends at the diaphragm.

.Abdominal cavity - starts at diaphragm and ends at the pelvic inlet, lumbar vertebrae, ventral abdominal muscle and lateral abdominal muscle.

Pelvic cavity -

Question 31

A serous membrane?

Answer 31

A serous membrane?

.Is a single layer of epithelium which makes a watery lubricating fluid because of this it acts as a lubricant between cavities, organs and structures.