Muscular System

Question 1

What is muscle?

Answer 1

What is muscle?

.Muscle is a group of specialised, elastic tissues and is bound together in bundles and contained in a sheath (deep fascia) the end of which extends to form a tendon.

Question 2

Muscle function?

Answer 2

Muscle function?

.Contract by a nerve stimulus and by doing so start a movement in the surrounding structures (the tendons, ligaments and then bones).

Question 3

Skeletal muscle?

Answer 3

Skeletal muscle?

.Striated and voluntary.

Question 4

Smooth muscle?

Answer 4

Smooth muscle?

.Non striated and involuntary e.g. bronchi and bronchioles.

Question 5

Cardiac muscle?

Answer 5

Cardiac muscle?

.Striated and involuntary.

Question 6

How do muscles work?

Answer 6

How do muscles work?

.By contraction: the fibres become shorter and thicker and the parts attached to the fibres (periosteum, bone, tendons, and fascia) are pulled by the contraction and move.

Question 7

Types of skeletal muscle contraction?

Answer 7

Types of skeletal muscle contraction?

.isometric
.isotonic

Question 8

Where does a muscle get energy from?

Answer 8

Where does a muscle get energy from?

.Muscle receive their nutrients and oxygen from the arterial capillaries.

.It is used up by the muscles and the waste product, lactic acid is then excreted into the venous blood stream.

Question 9

Tendon function?

Answer 9

Tendon function?

.Connects muscle to bone.

Question 10

Fascia?

Answer 10

Fascia?

.Superficial fascia - beneath the skin, facilitates the movement of the skin, helps remain warmth.

.Deep fascia - forms a sheath (covering) for muscles.

Question 11

Flexion?

Answer 11

Flexion?

Flexion: Bends the limb.

Question 12

Extension?

Answer 12

Extension?

Extension: Straightens the limb.

Question 13

Atrophy?

Answer 13

Atrophy?

.Lack of use resulting in wasting away of muscles.

Question 14

Over contraction of muscles?

Answer 14

Over contraction of muscles?

.Over contraction without enough oxygen can cause lactic acid to form, which prevents muscles from functioning properly.

Question 15

Skeletal extrinsic muscles?

Answer 15

Skeletal extrinsic muscles?

.Muscles attached from one major structure e.g. truck to another structure e.g. limb.

Question 16

Skeletal intrinsic muscles?

Answer 16

Skeletal intrinsic muscles?

.Muscles attached at both ends within one structure e.g. a limb.

Question 17

Myofibrils?

Answer 17

Myofibrils?

.Long filaments that run parallel to each other to form muscle.

.Made of actin and myosin filaments.

Question 18

Neuromuscular junction?

Answer 18

Neuromuscular junction?

.The junction between the nerve fibre and the muscle.

.The chemical acetyle choline transmits the impulse across this gap.

Question 19

Muscle tone?

Answer 19

Muscle tone?

.The continuos slight state of tension in the skeletal muscles e.g. sitting up.

Question 20

A bursa?

Answer 20

A bursa?

.Connective tissue sac lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid.

.They reduce friction.

Question 21

Epaxial muscles?

Answer 21

Epaxial muscles?

.The muscles above the vertebrae column in the torso.

.Site for IM injections.

Question 22

Hypaxial muscles?

Answer 22

Hypaxial muscles?

.Muscles below the vertebrae column in the torso.

Question 23

Breathing muscles?

Answer 23

Beathing muscles?

.External intercostal - lift the ribs upwards to bring air into the lungs.

.Internal intercostal - contract with the abdominal muscles to force air out of the lungs.

.Diaphragm - flattens and brings air into the lungs.

Question 24

Intrinsic muscles?

Answer 24

Intrinsic muscles?

.Facial expression muscles.

Question 25

Mastication muscles?

Answer 25

Mastication muscles?

.Digastricus- opens the jaw.

.Masseter - closes the jaw.

.Temporalis - closes the jaw.

.Pterygoids - closes the jaw.

Question 26

Eye muscles?

Answer 26

Eye muscles?

.Rectus dorsal, ventral, medial and lateral - turns the eye in the direction of their name.

.Oblique dorsal and ventral - rotate the eye.

.Retractor bulbi - around the optic nerve.

Question 27

Abdominal muscles?

Answer 27

Abdominal muscles?

.External abdominal oblique

.Internal abdominal oblique

.Transverse abdominis

.Rectus abdominis

Question 28

Linea alba?

Answer 28

Linea alba?

.Is the white line down the ventral midline from the sternum to the pubic symphysis.

Question 29

Upper Forelimb muscles?

Answer 29

Forelimb muscles?

.Trapezius muscle - scapula.

.Pectoral muscle - humerus.

.Latissimus dorsi muscle - humerus.

.Brachiocephalicus muscle - humerus.

.Supraspinatus muscle - humerus

.Infraspinatus muscle - humerus

Question 30

Lower forelimb muscles?

Answer 30

Lower forelimb muscles?

.Triceps brachii muscle - ulna

.Biceps brachii muscle - radius and ulna

.Brachialis muscle - radius and ulna

Question 31

Carpus and digits tendons?

Answer 31

Carpus and digits tendons?

.Two carpal extensors tendons- carpals down to digits.

.Two digital extensors tendons - third phalanx down to digits.

.Two carpal flexors tendons - carpus down to foot.

.Superficial digital flexor tendon - second phalanx.

.Deep digital flexor tendon - third phalanx.

Question 32

Hind limb is attached to?

Answer 32

Hind limb is attached to?

.The pelvic girdle by the hip joint.

Question 33

Muscles of the thigh?

Answer 33

Muscles of the thigh?

. Gluteals superficial, middle and deep muscle - rump.

Hamstring group;

.Biceps femoris muscle
.Semitendinosus muscle
.Semimembranosus muscle

.Quadriceps femoris - cranial part of thigh

Adductor muscles;

.Pectineus muscle
.Sartorius muscle
.Gracilis muscle

Question 34

Muscles of the lower limb?

Answer 34

Muscles of the lower limb?

.Gastrocnemius muscle - femur to hock.

.Achilles tendon - back of the leg to point of hock .

Question 35

Tarsus and digit tendons?

Answer 35

Tarsus and digit tendons?

.Anterior tibialis tendon- tibia to tarsus.

.Three digital extensors tendon- tarsus and digits.

.Two digital flexor tendons - behind foot from tarsus to digits.