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MCAT > Practice 1&2 Tests Terms > Flashcards

Practice 1&2 Tests Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms

A

Withdrawal Symptoms are usually the opposite of the drug symptoms
-Pupillary dilation, tremors, increased anxiety, increased respiration, inc HR, vascoconstriction

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2
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

-Need = deprivation that will energize drive/arousal
-Drive is the aroused state
-Fulfilling drive will reduce the need
Ex: At gym and need water
-Trainer says to do more pushups
-Need=water, drive=thirst
-You do pushups so you can fulfill drive for water

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3
Q

Brain structures with abnormal activity during depression

A
  • Dec. activity in frontal lobe
  • Inc activity in limbic structures
  • Inc/Dec activity in hippocampus
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4
Q

schemata definition

A

Mental bluebprint of aspects of the world

-Info can be retrieved from schema

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5
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Judging someone else’s culture from position of your own culture
-Own culture is superior
-Leads to cultrual bias and prejudice
\

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6
Q

Ethnography

A

Study of particular people and places

  • Captures sense of place and people
  • Combines many research methods
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7
Q

Reconstructive bias

A
  • related to memory

- Memories of past are not as accurate as we think

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8
Q

Attrition bias

A

When participants drop out of a long term experiment or study

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9
Q

Social desirability bias

A

-tendency of research subjects to choose responses they believe are more socially acceptable rather than ones that reflect their own thoughts/feelings

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10
Q

Selection Bias

A

Distortion in measure of association due to sample selection not accurately reflecting target population
-Dropouts association between risk and outcome differs from study participants

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11
Q

Deindividuation def

A

Those in groups more likely to act inapropriately in a crowd that conceal’s the person’s identity
Ex: Black friday: large group of shoppers leads to dec inhibition/guilt and inc antisocial behavior

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12
Q

Informational social influence

A

Social influence in which individual turns to others for info about what is correct

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13
Q

Three components of emotion

A

Physiological, cognitive and behavioral

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14
Q

Behavioral component of emotion

A

body language or facial expressions

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15
Q

Physiolgical component of emotion

A

Physical response to emotion

-Heart rate inc or muscles tensing

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16
Q

Cognitive component of emotion

A

Thought processes associated with emotion

-confusion or amazement

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17
Q

List these reinforcement schedules in order of least to most likely to exhibit extinction:
Fixed ratio, variable ratio, continuous reinforcement, variable interval, fixed interval

A

Variable ratio, variable interval, fixed ratio, fixed interval, continuous

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18
Q

Schacter-Singer theory of emotion

A

Two-factor theory

  • Physiological/cognitive responses simultaneous from experience of emotion
  • Don’t feel specific emotion until able to identify reason
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19
Q

schacter singer order of events

A

event -> physiological response and label situation/identify reason for physiological response -> emotion

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20
Q

shacter singer ex

A

Man is allergic to bees and sees a bee -> interprets allergy making this threatening and HR inc and starts sweating -> Gets scared

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21
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

Discomfort experienced when holding 2 or more conflicting cognitions
-Ex: high school math teacher who went to college tells his own son to skip college

22
Q

Stroop effect

A

Interference in reaction time of a task
-Name of color is shown in color that is not matching the name
Ex: the word red is shown in green so reaction time is slowed as brain wants to say green

23
Q

criterion validity

A

Whether a test reflects a certain set of abilities

-Whether a variable can predict a certain outcome

24
Q

Construct validity

A

Extent to which theory is supported by results of research study
-How well the terms in the study are defined

25
Q

Job applicant takes a performance test during interview process. The test accurately predicts how well employee will perform on the job. What type of validity is this?

A

Criterion validity

26
Q

Study develops a questionnaire assessing instance of depression. If the questionnaire accuaretly measures levels of depression, what type of validity is this?

A

Construct validity

27
Q

Content validity

A

Whether a test is represntative of all aspects of the construct
-Must contain all aspects of measurement needed for assessment

28
Q

An algebra teacher makes final for her class. Some types of algebra are left out. This test is no longer a valid measure of algebra knowledge. What type of validity does this fail to ensure?

A

Content validity

29
Q

Attribution theory

A

How we explain behaviors of others around us

-Situational or dispositional attribution

30
Q

Vertical movement/mobility def

A

Movement from one social level to a higher or lower one by changing jobs or marrying

31
Q

Urbanization def

A

Pattern of movement from rural areas to cities

32
Q

Globalization sociology def

A

Inc amount of interaction and integration on international scale
-exchange of products, serives, ideas, info

33
Q

Population growth definition

A

Inc of number of individuals within a certain population

34
Q

prejudice def

A

Attitudes that prejudge a group
-Usually negative
-Usually not based on fact
Ex: CEO doesn’t think women can run a team

35
Q

Discrimination definition

A

Differential treatment and harmful actions against minorities
-Actions are taken based on negative attitude
Ex: Boss doesn’t promote a person because she’s a woman

36
Q

What is the main difference between discrimination and prejudice

A

Prejudice is a belief/attitude

Discrimination is action based on a belief/attitude

37
Q

Stereotyping

A

Cognitive decision made based on attitude/belief

-No action taken

38
Q

Ingratiation def

A

Attempt to get someone to like you to get them to comply with your requests

39
Q

Normative influence

A

Conformation with expectations of others to gain social approval

40
Q

Informative influence

A

Looking to group guidance when you don’t know what to do or you assume the group is correct
Ex: Never interacted with infants before so ask a mother what to do because you assume they know what to do

41
Q

Opponent-process theory application to emotion/motivation

A

Every process has an affective balance followed by a secondary opponent process

  • Opponent process sets in once primary process is quieted
  • With repeated exposure, opponent process is strengthened
42
Q

Application of opponent process theory to addiction

A

Drug addiction is result of emotional pairing of pleasure and emotional symptoms of withdrawal

  • At beginning, drug use has high pleasure, low withdrawal
  • Over time, levels of pleasure inc and withdrawal also inc
43
Q

Expectancy value theory

A

Amount of motivation req to achieve goal is affected by both person’s expectation of reaching the goal and how much person values reaching that goal
Ex: Person expects to reach goal and values reaching it highly, so less motivation req

44
Q

Approach approach conflict

A

Both options are appealing

45
Q

Avoidant avoidant conflicts

A

Both options are unappealing

46
Q

Approach avoidant conflict

A

One option has both appealing and unappealing aspects

47
Q

Double approach avoidant conflict

A

Forced choice between two approach avoidant conflicts

  • Choose between two options
  • Each option has both appealing and unappealing aspects
48
Q

Cialdini’s 6 aspects of persuasion

A
  1. Reciprocity
  2. Commitment/consistency
    - Beliefs consistent with values
  3. Social proof
    - People doing what they observe other people doing
  4. Authority: tendency to obey authority figures
  5. Liking: the more people liek someone, the more they will be persuaded by them
  6. Scarcity: conveying limited supply of something can persuade people to want it
49
Q

Meritocracy def

A

People achieve social position based on solely ability and achievements
-Extreme social mobility

50
Q

Horizontal movement/movement def

A 
Individual moving within the same class
Ex: accountant switches jobs to another accounting company
51
Q

Caste system construct of social mobility

A

Very little mobility

-Role determined entirely by background born into or married to

MCAT (12 decks)

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